How Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Affect Corporate Debt Maturity?
Xiang Li
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2022
Abstract
This paper investigates whether and how economic policy uncertainty affects corporate debt maturity. Using a large firm-level dataset for four European countries, we find that an increase in economic policy uncertainty is significantly associated with a shortened debt maturity. Moreover, the impacts are stronger for innovation-intensive firms. We use firms’ flexibility in changing debt maturity and the deviation to leverage target to gauge the causal relationship, and identify the reduced investment and steepened term structure as the transmission mechanisms.
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26.01.2022 • 2/2022
Investment, output gap, and public finances in the medium term: Implications of the Second Supplementary Budget 2021
With the Second Supplementary Budget 2021, the German government plans to allocate a reserve of 60 billion euros to the Energy and Climate Fund. This additional spending is also meant to reduce the macroeconomic follow-up costs of the pandemic. According to the IWH’s medium-term projection, the expenditure is expected to increase output by about 0.5% at the peak of its impact in 2024. “While this macroeconomic effect is welcome, the additional investment will by no means compensate for the lack of investment activity since the beginning of the pandemic,” says Oliver Holtemöller, head of the Department Macroeconomics and vice president at Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). Moreover, the supplementary budget is likely to reduce confidence in the reliability of the debt brake.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Executive Equity Risk-Taking Incentives and Firms’ Choice of Debt Structure
Iftekhar Hasan, Walid Saffar, Yangyang Chen, Leon Zolotoy
Journal of Banking and Finance,
December
2021
Abstract
We examine how executive equity risk-taking incentives affect firms’ choice of debt structure. Using a longitudinal sample of U.S. firms, we document that when executive compensation is more sensitive to stock volatility (i.e., has higher vega), firms reduce their reliance on bank debt financing. We utilize the passage of the Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 123R option-expensing regulation as an exogenous shock to management option compensation to account for potential endogeneity. In cross-sectional analyses, we find that the documented effect of vega is amplified among firms with higher growth opportunities and more opaque financial information; we also find vega's effect is mitigated in firms with limited abilities to tap into public debt market. Supplemental analyses suggest that firms with higher vega face more stringent bank loan covenants. We conclude that, by encouraging risk-taking, higher vega reduces firms’ reliance on bank debt financing in order to avoid more stringent bank monitoring.
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Global Syndicated Lending during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Iftekhar Hasan, Panagiotis Politsidis, Zenu Sharma
Journal of Banking and Finance,
December
2021
Abstract
This paper examines the pricing of global syndicated loans during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that loan spreads rise by over 11 basis points in response to a one standard deviation increase in the lender's exposure to COVID-19 and over 5 basis points for an equivalent increase in the borrower's exposure. This implies excess interestof about USD 5.16 million and USD 2.37 million respectively for a loan of average size and duration. The aggravating effect of the pandemic is exacerbated with the level of government restrictions to tackle the virus's spread, with firms’ financial constraints and reliance on debt financing, whereas it is mitigated for relationship borrowers, borrowers listed in multiple exchanges or headquartered in countries that can attract institutional investors.
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U.S. Monetary and Fiscal Policy Regime Changes and Their Interactions
Yoosoon Chang, Boreum Kwak, Shi Qiu
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 12,
2021
Abstract
We investigate U.S. monetary and fiscal policy interactions in a regime-switching model of monetary and fiscal policy rules where policy mixes are determined by a latent bivariate autoregressive process consisting of monetary and fiscal policy regime factors, each determining a respective policy regime. Both policy regime factors receive feedback from past policy disturbances, and interact contemporaneously and dynamically to determine policy regimes. We find strong feedback and dynamic interaction between monetary and fiscal authorities. The most salient features of these interactions are that past monetary policy disturbance strongly influences both monetary and fiscal policy regimes, and that monetary authority responds to past fiscal policy regime. We also find substantial evidence that the U.S. monetary and fiscal authorities have been interacting: central bank responds less aggressively to inflation when fiscal authority puts less attention on debt stabilisation, and vice versa.
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Quid Pro Quo? Political Ties and Sovereign Borrowing
Gene Ambrocio, Iftekhar Hasan
Journal of International Economics,
November
2021
Abstract
Do stronger political ties with a global superpower improve sovereign borrowing conditions? We use data on voting at the United Nations General Assembly along with foreign aid flows to construct an index of political ties and find evidence that suggests stronger political ties with the US is associated with both better sovereign credit ratings and lower yields on sovereign bonds especially among lower income countries. We use official heads-of-state visits to the White House and coalition forces troop contributions as additional measures of the strength of political ties to further reinforce our findings.
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Local Product Market Competition and Bank Loans
Iftekhar Hasan, Yi Shen, Xiaoying Yuan
Journal of Corporate Finance,
2021
Abstract
We investigate the influences of local product market competition on the cost of private debt. Our evidence suggests that the cost of bank loans is significantly higher for firms headquartered in states with greater local product market competition measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index for resident industries. To establish causality, we examine the recognition of the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine and firm relocations to identify exogenous shocks to local product market competition. We find that the cost of bank loans is lower for firms facing less intense local product market competition after the adoption of IDD and higher for firms relocated to states with more competitive product markets. The results imply that banks value the characteristics of a firm's local product market when approving loan contracts.
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Projektion der Ausgaben für die Beamtenversorgung in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2080
Oliver Holtemöller, Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2021
Abstract
Seit einigen Jahren steigt die Zahl der Pensionäre in Deutschland. Der demographische Wandel dürfte die Versorgungsausgaben von Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden in den kommenden Jahren und Jahrzehnten deutlich zunehmen lassen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Zahl der Versorgungsempfänger bis zum Jahr 2080 vorausgeschätzt und die Versorgungsausgaben werden projiziert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich ein teilweise deutlicher Anstieg der Versorgungsausgaben der Gebietskörperschaften. Im Verhältnis zum erwarteten Zuwachs des Steueraufkommens fällt dieser jedoch beim Bund vergleichsweise moderat und auch bei Ländern und Gemeinden nicht übermäßig hoch aus. Dies geht unter anderem auf die Annahme zurück, dass der Anteil der Beamten an der Gesamtbevölkerung in Zukunft konstant bleibt. Dagegen steht die gesetzliche Rentenversicherung größeren finanziellen Herausforderungen gegenüber, weil der Anteil der Rentenempfänger an der Gesamtbevölkerung in den kommenden Jahren zunehmen wird.
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Projektion der Ausgaben für die Beamtenversorgung in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2080
Oliver Holtemöller, Götz Zeddies
IWH Technical Reports,
No. 2,
2021
Abstract
In den vergangenen Jahren hat die Zahl der Pensionäre (ehemalige Beamte, Richter und Soldaten) in Deutschland deutlich zugenommen. Damit gehen immer höhere Versorgungsausgaben einher, die Bund, Länder und Gemeinden aufbringen müssen. Der demographische Wandel könnte in Zukunft nicht nur ausgabeseitig eine Herausforderung aufgrund weiter steigender Versorgungsausgaben darstellen, sondern auch auf der Einnahmeseite, weil die Versorgungslasten von immer weniger Steuerzahlern getragen werden müssen. Im Folgenden werden mit Hilfe eines Kohorten-Komponenten-Modells die Zahl der Versorgungsempfänger und die daraus resultierenden Versorgungsausgaben für Bund, Länder und Gemeinden bis zum Jahr 2080 geschätzt und die Konsequenzen für die öffentlichen Haushalte abgeleitet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Versorgungsausgaben der Gebietskörperschaften zwar ansteigen, die Versorgungs-Steuerquote insgesamt allerdings relativ stabil bleibt. Da die Zahl der Versorgungsempfänger bei Ländern und Gemeinden bis zum Jahr 2080 kaum zunehmen und beim Bund sogar zurückgehen wird, stehen die Gebietskörperschaften infolge der Pensionslasten vor weitaus kleineren finanziellen Herausforderungen als die gesetzliche Rentenversicherung angesichts des wachsenden Anteils der Rentenempfänger an der Gesamtbevölkerung.
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Financial Analysts' Career Concerns and the Cost of Private Debt
Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan, Liuling Liu, Qiang Wu, Yijiang Zhao
Journal of Corporate Finance,
April
2021
Abstract
Career-concerned analysts are averse to firm risk. Not only does higher firm risk require more effort to analyze the firm, thus constraining analysts' ability to earn more remuneration through covering more firms, but it also jeopardizes their research quality and career advancement. As such, career concerns incentivize analysts to pressure firms to undertake risk-management activities, thus leading to a lower cost of debt. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find a negative association between analyst career concerns and bank loan spreads. In addition, our mediation analysis suggests that this association is achieved through the channel of reducing firm risk. Additional tests suggest that the effect of analyst career concerns on loan spreads is more pronounced for firms with higher analyst coverage. Our study is the first to identify the demand for risk management as a key channel through which analysts help reduce the cost of debt.
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