The Skills Balance in Germany’s Import Intensity of Exports: An Input-Output Analysis
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Intereconomics,
No. 2,
2014
Abstract
In the decade prior to the economic and financial crisis, Germany’s net exports increased in absolute terms as well as relative to the growing level of import intensity of domestically produced export goods and services. This article analyses the direct and indirect employment effects induced both by exports as well as by of the import intensity of the production process of export goods and services on the skills used. It shows that Germany’s export surpluses led to positive net employment effects. Although the volume of imports of intermediate goods increased and was augmented by the rise in exports, it could not undermine the overall positive employment effect.
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Has Labor Income Become More Volatile? Evidence from International Industry-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch
German Economic Review,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
Changes in labor market institutions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This article documents and analyzes changes in income volatility using data for 11 industrialized countries, 22 industries and 35 years (1970–2004). The article has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor income has declined in parallel to the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the industry-specific, idiosyncratic component of labor income volatility has hardly changed. Third, cross-sectional heterogeneity is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile relative to the volatility of capital incomes. Fourth, the volatility of labor income relative to the volatility of capital income declines in the labor share. Trade openness has no clear-cut impact.
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Start-up Competitions as an Instrument of Entrepreneurship Policy: The German Experience
Michael Schwartz, Maximilian Göthner, Claus Michelsen, N. Waldmann
European Planning Studies,
No. 10,
2013
Abstract
The number of aspiring entrepreneurs in high-tech industries who successfully complete the transition from a nascent start-up project towards an operational new venture is comparatively low in Germany. Since the mid-1990s, policy-makers have initiated numerous start-up competitions (SUCs or business plan competitions) to facilitate this important step in the venture creation process. SUCs have two key objectives. They are aimed at increasing start-up activity by motivating potential entrepreneurs, while they should also help to increase the likelihood of subsequent entrepreneurial success through providing necessary entrepreneurial skills to prospective entrepreneurs. With our explorative study, we provide the first comprehensive empirical evidence from a cross-sectional survey of existing SUCs in Germany. Overall, 71 SUCs are identified which are analysed regarding their development, regional distribution, and main structural characteristics. Finally, we outline an agenda of future research questions concerning the effectiveness and efficiency of SUCs as an instrument of entrepreneurship policy.
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Cost of Transaction and the Search for Skilled Workers: A Theoretical Explanation Based on the Theory of Institutions
Herbert S. Buscher, R. Ohliger, Andreas Siegert
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2013
Abstract
In den kommenden Jahren werden in Deutschland einige Branchen und Regionen einen steigenden Bedarf an Fachkräften haben. Hierbei handelt es sich nicht nur um Hochqualifizierte der so genannten MINT-Berufe (Mathematik, Ingenieurwesen, Natur-wissen¬schaften, Technik), sondern verstärkt auch um qualifizierte Arbeitnehmer des Gesundheitswesens und Handwerks. Aus der „Stillen Arbeitsmarktreserve“ ist der Bedarf nicht zu decken, was u. a. auch eine Folge des demographischen Wandels ist. Gesellschaftliche Verantwortung erfordert deshalb die Anwerbung qualifizierter und hochqualifizierter Arbeitnehmer. Damit eine ausreichend hohe Bereitschaft zur Einwande-rung ausländischer Fachkräfte nach Deutschland erzielt werden kann, bedarf es neben den harten Faktoren wie Beschäftigung und Einkommen weiterer Voraussetzungen, so genannter weicher Faktoren, die eine Entscheidung für Deutschland als Migrationsziel herbeiführen. Hierunter ist eine Politik zu verstehen, die den Einwanderern vermittelt, dass sie und ihre Familie willkommen sind und eine langfristige Bleibeperspektive haben. Dieses als „Willkommenskultur“ bezeichnete Konzept signalisiert einen Paradigmenwechsel in der deutschen Politik. Eine derart umrissene Willkommenskultur besteht derzeit in Deutschland noch nicht oder zumindest nicht auf einem Niveau, das von potenziellen Einwanderern als ausreichend wahrgenommen wird. Auf Grundlage der Institutionenökonomik werden Ansätze zu einem neuen politischen Ansatz und seiner Umsetzung skizziert, aus dem sich umfassende staatliche, gesellschaftliche und unter-nehmerische Implikationen ableiten. Dabei konzentriert sich der Beitrag auf die Anwerbung von Fachkräften aus Drittstaaten.
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Survival of Spinoffs and Other Startups: First Evidence for the Private Sector in Germany, 1976-2008
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel
Abstract
Using a 50 percent sample of all establishments in the German private sector, we report that spinoffs are larger and initially employ more skilled and more experienced workers than other startups. Controlling for these and other differences, we find that spinoffs are less likely to exit than other startups. We show that in West and East Germany and in all sectors investigated pulled spinoffs (where the parent company continues after they are founded) generally have the lowest exit hazards, followed by pushed spinoffs (where the parent company stops operations). The difference between both types of spinoffs is particularly pronounced in the first three years. Contrary to expectations, intra-industry spinoffs are not found to have lower exit hazards in our sample.
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Skill Content of Intra-european Trade Flows
Götz Zeddies
European Journal of Comparative Economics,
No. 1,
2013
Abstract
In recent decades, the international division of labor has expanded rapidly in the wake of European integration. In this context, especially Western European high-wage countries should have specialized on (human-)capital intensively manufactured goods and should have increasingly sourced labor-intensively manufactured goods, especially parts and components, from Eastern European low wage countries. Since this should be beneficial for the high-skilled and harmful to the lower-qualified workforce in high-wage countries, the opening up of Eastern Europe is often considered as a vital reason for increasing unemployment of the lower-qualified in Western Europe. This paper addresses this issue by analyzing the skill content of Western European countries’ bilateral trade using input-output techniques in order to evaluate possible effects of international trade on labor demand. Thereby, differences in factor inputs and production technologies have been considered, allowing for vertical product differentiation. In this case, skill content of bilateral exports and imports partially differs substantially, especially in bilateral trade between Western and Eastern European countries. According to the results, East-West trade should be harmful particularly to the medium-skilled in Western European countries.
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Increasing Pressure on East German Labor Market for Skilled Labor
Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2012
Abstract
Die Möglichkeit, über fachlich (hoch-)qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte zu verfügen, ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Zukunft nicht nur der Unternehmen, sondern auch der ökonomischen Entwicklung einer Region oder eines Landes. Die Wirtschaftspolitik benötigt daher gesicherte Befunde zu Bedarf und Angebot an Fachkräften. Der vorliegende Beitrag wertet für die Neuen Bundesländer die Befragung 2011 des IAB-Betriebspanels aus, die sich speziell mit möglichen Engpässen und Problemen bei der Stellenbesetzung befasst hat. Hierbei wird neben den Ländern auch nach der Größe eines Betriebs sowie der Branchenzugehörigkeit unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in den kommenden Jahren eine höhere Zahl ostdeutscher Betriebe eine angespanntere Situation auf dem Arbeitsmarkt erwartet, als dies in der Vergangenheit der Fall war. Eine nicht ausreichende Bewerberzahl und fehlende Zusatzqualifikationen sind die am häufigsten genannten erwarteten Probleme bei der Stellenbesetzung. Mittlere und große Betriebe rechnen eher mit solchen Problemen als kleine Betriebe.
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Human Capital Mobility and Convergence – A Spatial Dynamic Panel Model of the German Regions
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
Abstract
Since the fall of the iron curtain in 1989, the migration deficit of the Eastern part of Germany has accumulated to 1.8 million people, which is over ten percent of its initial population. Depending on their human capital endowment, these migrants might either – in the case of low-skilled migration – accelerate or – in high-skilled case – impede convergence. Due to the availability of detailed data on regional human capital, migration and productivity growth, we are able to test how geographic mobility affects convergence via the human capital selectivity of migration. With regard to the endogeneity of the migration flows and human capital, we apply a dynamic panel data model within the framework of β-convergence and account for spatial dependence. The regressions indicate a positive, robust, but modest effect of a migration surplus on regional productivity growth. After controlling for human capital, the effect of migration decreases; this decrease indicates that skill selectivity is one way that migration impacts growth.
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Human Capital Mobility and Convergence. A Spatial Dynamic Panel Model of the German Regions
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
Abstract
Since the fall of the iron curtain in 1989, the migration deficit of the Eastern part of Germany has accumulated to 1.8 million people, which is over 10 percent of its ini-tial population. Depending on their human capital endowment, these migrants might either – in the case of low-skilled migration – accelerate or – in high-skilled case– impede convergence. Due to the availability of detailed data on regional human capital, migration and productivity growth, we are able to test how geographic mobil-ity affects convergence via the human capital selectivity of migration. With regard to the endogeneity of the migration flows and human capital, we apply a dynamic panel data model within the framework of β-convergence and account for spatial depend-ence. The regressions indicate a positive, robust, but modest effect of a migration surplus on regional productivity growth. After controlling for human capital, the effect of migration decreases; this decrease indicates that skill selectivity is one way that migration impacts growth.
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The Internationalization of Science and Its Influence on Academic Entrepreneurship
S. Krabel, D. S. Siegel, Viktor Slavtchev
Journal of Technology Transfer,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
We examine whether scientists employed in foreign countries and foreign-educated native researchers are more “entrepreneurial” than their “domestic” counterparts. We conjecture that foreign-born and foreign-educated scientists possess broader scientific skills and social capital, which increases their likelihood that they will start their own companies. To test this hypothesis we analyze comprehensive data from researchers at the Max Planck Society in Germany. Our findings provide strong support for the conjecture that academic entrepreneurship can be stimulated by facilitating the mobility of scientists across countries.
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