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FDI, Human Capital and Income Convergence — Evidence for European Regions

Björn Jindra, Philipp Marek, Dominik Völlmecke
Economic Systems, Nr. 2, 2016
Abstract
This study examines income convergence in regional GDP per capita for a sample of 269 regions within the European Union (EU) between 2003 and 2010. We use an endogenous broad capital model based on foreign direct investment (FDI) induced agglomeration economies and human capital. By applying a Markov chain approach to a new dataset that exploits micro-aggregated sub-national FDI statistics, the analysis provides insights into regional income growth dynamics within the EU. Our results indicate a weak process of overall income convergence across EU regions. This does not apply to the dynamics within Central and East European countries (CEECs), where we find indications of a poverty trap. In contrast to FDI, regional human capital seems to be associated with higher income levels. However, we identify a positive interaction of FDI and human capital in their relation with income growth dynamics.
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Taxation, Corruption, and Growth

Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Julia Cagé, William R. Kerr
European Economic Review, 2016
Abstract
We build an endogenous growth model to analyze the relationships between taxation, corruption, and economic growth. Entrepreneurs lie at the center of the model and face disincentive effects from taxation but acquire positive benefits from public infrastructure. Political corruption governs the efficiency with which tax revenues are translated into infrastructure. The model predicts an inverted-U relationship between taxation and growth, with corruption reducing the optimal taxation level. We find evidence consistent with these predictions and the entrepreneurial channel using data from the Longitudinal Business Database of the US Census Bureau. The marginal effect of taxation for growth for a state at the 10th or 25th percentile of corruption is significantly positive; on the other hand, the marginal effects of taxation for growth for a state at the 90th percentile of corruption are much lower across the board. We make progress towards causality through Granger-style tests and by considering periphery counties where effective tax policy is largely driven by bordering states. Finally, we calibrate our model and find that the calibrated taxation rate of 37% is fairly close to the model׳s estimated welfare maximizing taxation rate of 42%. Reducing corruption provides the largest potential impact for welfare gain through its impact on the uses of tax revenues.
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Folgen der Sanktionen zwischen der EU und Russland für die deutsche Wirtschaft

Jutta Günther, Maria Kristalova, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaftsdienst, Nr. 7, 2016
Abstract
Als Reaktion auf die Eskalation des Konflikts zwischen Russland, der Ukraine und der EU verhängten die EU und andere westliche Länder in der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres 2014 Wirtschaftssanktionen gegen Russland, auf die Russland wiederum mit Gegensanktionen reagierte. Neben der Beschränkung von Finanztransaktionen setzte die EU vor allem Ausfuhrverbote für Waffen und sogenannte Dual-Use-Güter, die für militärische Zwecke verwendet werden können, sowie für Maschinen und Zubehör zur Öl- und Gasförderung in Kraft. Die russischen Gegensanktionen betreffen insbesondere Einfuhrverbote für landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse und Lebensmittel. Das Handelsembargo verstärkte die bereits abwärts gerichtete Tendenz der Lieferungen aus Deutschland nach Russland, die der krisenhaften Gesamtsituation in Russland geschuldet ist. Die Effekte der Sanktionspolitik im Bereich der Realwirtschaft auf die Produktion und Beschäftigung in der deutschen Wirtschaft werden im Folgenden geschätzt.
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The Joint Dynamics of Sovereign Ratings and Government Bond Yields

Makram El-Shagi, Gregor von Schweinitz
Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Papers, Nr. 13, 2016
publiziert in: Journal of Banking and Finance
Abstract

Can a negative shock to sovereign ratings invoke a vicious cycle of increasing government bond yields and further downgrades, ultimately pushing a country toward default? The narratives of public and political discussions, as well as of some widely cited papers, suggest this possibility. In this paper, we will investigate the possible existence of such a vicious cycle. We find no evidence of a bad long-run equilibrium and cannot confirm a negative feedback loop leading into default as a transitory state for all but the very worst ratings.

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Brexit (Probability) and Effects on Financial Market Stability

Thomas Krause, Felix Noth, Lena Tonzer
IWH Online, Nr. 5, 2016
Abstract
On 23 June 2016, there will be a referendum in the United Kingdom (UK) on the stay of the country in the European Union (EU). Based on recent poll data, the share of supporters and opponents of an exit varies around 50%. Opponents of the UK breaking up with Brussels („Brexit“) refer to high costs in terms of stagnating economic growth if the UK leaves the EU. The risk of reduced trade, declining foreign direct investment, and a lower degree of financial market integration is high following an exit of the “single market”.
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Social Distress and Economic Integration

Walter Hyll, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers, Nr. 21, 2016
Abstract
We analyze whether social distress from income comparisons affects attitudes towards the integration of economies. Using Germany’s division as natural experiment, we find that East Germans’ feelings of relative deprivation with respect to better-off West Germans led to significantly more support for the upcoming German re-unification.
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Direct and Indirect Risk-taking Incentives of Inside Debt

Stefano Colonnello, Giuliano Curatola, Ngoc Giang Hoang
IWH Discussion Papers, Nr. 20, 2016
publiziert in: Journal of Corporate Finance
Abstract
We develop a model of managerial compensation structure and asset risk choice. The model provides predictions about the relation between credit spreads and dif-ferent compensation components. First, we show that credit spreads are decreasing in inside debt only if it is unsecured. Second, the relation between credit spreads and equity incentives varies depending on the features of inside debt. We show that credit spreads are increasing in equity incentives. This relation becomes stronger as the seniority of inside debt increases. Using a sample of U.S. public firms with traded credit default swap (CDS) contracts, we provide evidence supportive of the model’s predictions.
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In Search of Concepts: The Effects of Speculative Demand on Stock Returns

Owain ap Gwilym, Iftekhar Hasan, Qingwei Wang, Ru Xie
European Financial Management, Nr. 3, 2016
Abstract
Using a novel proxy of investors' speculative demand constructed from online search interest in investment concepts, we examine how speculative demand affects the returns of Chinese stocks. We find that speculative demand increases following high market returns and predicts subsequent return reversals. Moreover, the speculative demand explains more variation in subsequent returns of A shares (more populated by retail investors) than B shares (less populated by retail investors). Our findings support the recently developed attention theory.
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CEO Political Preference and Corporate Tax Sheltering

Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan, Xian Sun, Qiang Wu
Journal of Corporate Finance, 2016
Abstract
We show that firms led by politically partisan CEOs are associated with a higher level of corporate tax sheltering than firms led by nonpartisan CEOs. Specifically, Republican CEOs are associated with more corporate tax sheltering even when their wealth is not tied with that of shareholders and when corporate governance is weak, suggesting that their tax sheltering decisions could be driven by idiosyncratic factors such as their political ideology. We also show that Democratic CEOs are associated with more corporate tax sheltering only when their stock-based incentives are high, suggesting that their tax sheltering decisions are more likely to be driven by economic incentives. In sum, our results support the political connection hypothesis in general but highlight that the specific factors driving partisan CEOs' tax sheltering behaviors differ. Our results imply that it may cost firms more to motivate Democratic CEOs to engage in more tax sheltering activities because such decisions go against their political beliefs regarding tax policies.
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Exporting Liquidity: Branch Banking and Financial Integration

Erik P. Gilje, Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan
Journal of Finance, Nr. 3, 2016
Abstract
Using exogenous liquidity windfalls from oil and natural gas shale discoveries, we demonstrate that bank branch networks help integrate U.S. lending markets. Banks exposed to shale booms enjoy liquidity inflows, which increase their capacity to originate and hold new loans. Exposed banks increase mortgage lending in nonboom counties, but only where they have branches and only for hard‐to‐securitize mortgages. Our findings suggest that contracting frictions limit the ability of arm's length finance to integrate credit markets fully. Branch networks continue to play an important role in financial integration, despite the development of securitization markets.
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