What Do We Learn from Schumpeterian Growth Theory?
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Peter Howitt
P. Aghion, S. N. Durlauf (Hrsg.), Handbook of Economic Growth, Band 2B, Amsterdam: North Holland,
2014
Abstract
Schumpeterian growth theory has operationalized Schumpeter’s notion of creative destruction by developing models based on this concept. These models shed light on several aspects of the growth process that could not be properly addressed by alternative theories. In this survey, we focus on four important aspects, namely: (i) the role of competition and market structure; (ii) firm dynamics; (iii) the relationship between growth and development with the notion of appropriate growth institutions; and (iv) the emergence and impact of long-term technological waves. In each case, Schumpeterian growth theory delivers predictions that distinguish it from other growth models and which can be tested using micro data.
Artikel Lesen
Has Labor Income Become More Volatile? Evidence from International Industry-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch
German Economic Review,
Nr. 4,
2013
Abstract
Changes in labor market institutions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This article documents and analyzes changes in income volatility using data for 11 industrialized countries, 22 industries and 35 years (1970–2004). The article has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor income has declined in parallel to the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the industry-specific, idiosyncratic component of labor income volatility has hardly changed. Third, cross-sectional heterogeneity is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile relative to the volatility of capital incomes. Fourth, the volatility of labor income relative to the volatility of capital income declines in the labor share. Trade openness has no clear-cut impact.
Artikel Lesen
Towards Deeper Financial Integration in Europe: What the Banking Union Can Contribute
Claudia M. Buch, T. Körner, Benjamin Weigert
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 13,
2013
Abstract
The agreement to establish a Single Supervisory Mechanism in Europe is a major step towards a Banking Union, consisting of centralized powers for the supervision of banks, the restructuring and resolution of distressed banks, and a common deposit insurance system. In this paper, we argue that the Banking Union is a necessary complement to the common currency and the Internal Market for capital. However, due care needs to be taken that steps towards a Banking Union are taken in the right sequence and that liability and control remain at the same level throughout. The following elements are important. First, establishing a Single Supervisory Mechanism under the roof of the ECB and within the framework of the current EU treaties does not ensure a sufficient degree of independence of supervision and monetary policy. Second, a European institution for the restructuring and resolution of banks should be established and equipped with sufficient powers. Third, a fiscal backstop for bank restructuring is needed. The ESM can play a role but additional fiscal burden sharing agreements are needed. Direct recapitalization of banks through the ESM should not be possible until legacy assets on banks’ balance sheets have been cleaned up. Fourth, introducing European-wide deposit insurance in the current situation would entail the mutualisation of legacy assets, thus contributing to moral hazard.
Artikel Lesen
Taxes, Banks and Financial Stability
Reint E. Gropp
SAFE White Paper Series 6,
August
2013
Abstract
In response to the financial crisis of 2008/2009, numerous new taxes on financial institutions have been discussed or implemented around the world. This paper discusses the connection between the incidence of the taxes, their incentive effects, and policy makers’ objectives. Combining basic insights from banking theory with standard models of tax incidence shows that the incidence of such taxes will disproportionately fall on small and medium size enterprises. The arguments presented suggest it is unlikely that the taxes will have a beneficial impact on financial stability or raise significant amounts of revenue without increasing the cost of capital to bank dependent firms significantly.
Artikel Lesen
Grußwort
Claudia M. Buch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 3,
2013
Abstract
Am 1. Juni 2013 habe ich die Präsidentschaft des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle übernommen. Das Amt ist verbunden mit einem Lehrstuhl für Volkswirtschaftslehre an der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg. Das IWH ist in Deutschland das einzige wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Forschungsinstitut mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Ostdeutschland sowie Mittel- und Osteuropa. Das Institut erforscht Prozesse der Transformation von Institutionen und der Integration von Märkten in Europa. Dieser Forschungsauftrag ist heute aktueller denn je.
Artikel Lesen
Towards a Europeanization of Wage Bargaining? Evidence from the Metal Sector
Vera Glassner, Toralf Pusch
European Journal of Industrial Relations,
Nr. 2,
2013
Abstract
European trade unions have attempted to coordinate their bargaining strategies transnationally in order to counter downward pressures on wages. Such coordination is most feasible in broadly integrated and exposed sectors that have to face common competitive constraints on wages. This article investigates collectively negotiated wage increases in the metal sector in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. We assume a specific logic of transnational pattern bargaining, with Germany as the ‘anchor’ country. We investigate the emergence of a transnational wage coordination effect before and after institutions for the coordination of wage bargaining were established. Finally, we draw conclusions on prospects for wage bargaining coordination with further integration of Economic and Monetary Union.
Artikel Lesen
4th Halle Forum on Urban Economic Growth: „The Development of Cities in Central and Eastern Europe“
Albrecht Kauffmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 2,
2013
Abstract
Das Halle Forum on Urban Economic Growth findet seit 2006 im zweijährigen Rhythmus am IWH statt. Die Tagung vom 29. und 30. November 2012 befasste sich mit Problemen der Entwicklung mittel- und osteuropäischer Städte. Thematisch umfassten die Vorträge ein breites Spektrum, in dessen Mitte die Frage nach der Wirkung formeller und informeller Institutionen auf die Stadtentwicklung stand. Sie verstand sich damit gleichzeitig als Auftaktveranstaltung des multinational angelegten IWH-Projekts „The Economic Re-positioning of Post-socialist Cities (RePoCit) – Institutional Settings, Local Strategies and Urban Economic Growth“.
Artikel Lesen
Islamic Finance in Europe
Pierluigi Caristi, Stéphane Couderc, Angela di Maria, Filippo di Mauro, Beljeet Kaur Grewal, Lauren Ho, Sergio Masciantonio, Steven Ongena, Sajjad Zaher
ECB Occasional Paper,
Nr. 146,
2013
Abstract
Islamic finance is based on ethical principles in line with Islamic religious law. Despite its low share of the global financial market, Islamic finance has been one of this sector's fastest growing components over the last decades and has gained further momentum in the wake of the financial crisis. The paper examines the development of and possible prospects for Islamic finance, with a special focus on Europe. It compares Islamic and conventional finance, particularly as concerns risks associated with the operations of respective institutions, as well as corporate governance. The paper also analyses empirical evidence comparing Islamic and conventional financial institutions with regard to their: (i) efficiency and profitability; and (ii) stability and resilience. Finally, the paper considers the conduct of monetary policy in an Islamic banking context. This is not uncomplicated given the fact that interest rates - normally a cornerstone of monetary policy - are prohibited under Islamic finance. Liquidity management issues are thus discussed here, with particular reference to the euro area.
Artikel Lesen
Die Europäische Schulden- und Vertrauenskrise: Ursachen, Politikmaßnahmen, Aussichten
Oliver Holtemöller, Tobias Knedlik, Axel Lindner
IWH Online,
Nr. 3,
2013
Abstract
Die Schulden- und Vertrauenskrise in Europa ist das Ergebnis einer ineffizienten Kapitalallokation und unzureichender Institutionen für die Reaktion auf die sich dadurch ergebenden Folgen. Im Zuge des europäischen Integrationsprozesses haben internationale Kapitalströme in einigen Ländern zu Übertreibungen im Privatsektor geführt und in anderen haben sie eine übermäßige Staatsverschuldung begünstigt. Das Platzen der Preisblasen auf Vermögensmärkten hat schließlich auch in Ländern mit ehemals soliden Staatsfinanzen vor allem aufgrund der Maßnahmen zur Stützung des Finanzsystems die öffentliche Verschuldung aus dem Ruder laufen lassen. Die europäische Politik hat den Reformbedarf erkannt, aber wichtige Weichenstellungen und Umsetzungen fehlen noch. Die innerhalb einer Währungsunion vergleichsweise schwierigen und langsamen Anpassungsprozesse zur Wiederherstellung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit nach einer Krise sind in den derzeitigen Krisenländern ansatzweise erkennbar. Dieser Befund stützt die derzeitigen Prognosen bezüglich eines bald einsetzenden Erholungsprozesses in diesen Ländern. Die Aussichten auf eine Überwindung der Krisen würden den Fortbestand der Währungsunion sichern.
Artikel Lesen
The GVAR Handbook: Structure and Applications of a Macro Model of the Global Economy for Policy Analysis
Filippo di Mauro, M. Hashem Pesaran
Oxford University Press,
2013
Abstract
The recent crisis has shown yet again how the world economies are globally interlinked, via a complex net of transmission channels. When it comes, however, to build econometric frameworks aimed at analysing such linkages, modellers are faced with what is called the "curse of dimensionality": there far too many parameters to be estimated with respect to the available observations. The GVAR, a VAR based model of the global economy, offers a solution to this problem. The basic model is composed of a large number of country specific models, comprising domestic, foreign and purely global variables. The foreign variables, however, are treated as weakly exogenous. This assumption, which is typically held when empirically tested for virtually all economies - with the notable exception of the US which is treated differently - allows to estimate first the individual country models separately. Only in a second stage country-specific models are simultaneously solved, thus allowing global interactions.This volume presents - for a first time in a compact and rather easy to read format - principles and structure of the basic GVAR model and a number of its many applications and extensions developed in the last few years by a growing literature. Its main objective is to show how powerful the model can be as a tool for forecasting and scenario analysis. The clear modelling structure of the GVAR appeals to policy makers and practitioners as shown by its growing use among major institutions, as well as by econometricians, as shown by the main extensions and applications.
Artikel Lesen
