A Multidimensional Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Business Incubators: An application of the PROMETHEE outranking method
Michael Schwartz, Maximilian Göthner
Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy,
2009
Abstract
Considerable public resources are devoted to the establishment and operation of business incubators (BIs), which are seen as catalysts for the promotion of entrepreneurship, innovation activities and regional development. Despite the vast amount of research that focused on the effectiveness of incubator initiatives and how to measure incubator performance, there is still a lack of understanding of how to determine incubators that are more effective than others. Based on data from 410 graduate firms, the present article concentrates on this crucial question and compares the long-term effectiveness of five BIs in Germany by applying the multi-criteria outranking technique PROMETHEE. In particular, we investigate whether PROMETHEE is a well suited methodological approach for the evaluation and comparisons in the specific context of business incubation.
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Lending Technology, Bank Organization and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena, Günseli Tümer-Alkan
Journal of Financial Transformation,
2009
Abstract
This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical studies investigating how both bank technology and organization shape bank-borrower interactions. We refer to two related concepts for bank technology. First, the technologies banks employ in loan granting decisions and second, the advances in information technology linked to the bank's lending technology. We also summarize and interpret the theoretical and empirical work on bank organization and its influence on lending technologies. We show that the choice of lending technology and bank organization depend heavily on the availability of information, the technological progress in the collection of information, as well as the banking market structure and the legal environment. We draw important policy conclusions from the literature. Competition authorities and supervisors have to remain alert to the consequences of the introduction of any new technology because: (1) advances in technology do not necessarily lead to more intense banking competition, and (2) the impact of technological and financial innovation on financial efficiency and stability depends on the incentives of the entire „loan production chain.‟
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Innovationspotenzial ostdeutscher Regionen: Erfindergeist nicht nur in urbanen Zentren zu Hause
Jutta Günther, Claus Michelsen, Mirko Titze
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 4,
2009
Abstract
Innovationsprozesse sind in der Regel komplex, risikobehaftet und erfordern eine Reihe von Inputs. Technologische Innovationen setzen typischerweise Forschung und Entwicklung sowie den Einsatz hochqualifizierten Personals voraus. Eine resultierende Erfindung bildet dann die Grundlage für ein Patent, das später in ein marktreifes Produkt, die eigentliche Innovation, münden kann. Einige der für den Innovationsprozess relevanten Faktoren lassen sich durch betriebliche Kennzahlen abbilden, wie beispielsweise die Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung, die Anzahl der beschäftigten Hochqualifizierten sowie die Anzahl der Patentanmeldungen. Sie sind Indizien für die betriebliche Innovationskraft, können aber auch der Beschreibung des Innovationspotenzials von Regionen dienen. Die Interdependenz der für den Innovationsprozess ausschlaggebenden Größen legt nahe, die Kennzahlen in einer zusammenfassenden Größe – einem Innovationsindex – abzubilden.
Ostdeutsche Regionen zeigen hinsichtlich des ermittelten Innovationsindex im Betrachtungszeitraum 2002 bis 2006 zum Teil erhebliche Unterschiede. Die Momentaufnahme am aktuellen Rand (Gesamtindex) zeigt, dass auf der Ebene von Kreisen und kreisfreien Städten ein deutliches Nord-Süd-Gefälle existiert. Städte wie Jena und Dresden belegen Spitzenplätze. Der Blick auf die Entwicklung des Innovationspotenzials (Teilindex Dynamik) im Betrachtungszeitraum offenbart jedoch, dass auch einige eher ländlich geprägte Regionen sehr gut abschneiden, darunter beispielsweise Bernburg, Stollberg, Hoyerswerda, Dahme-Spreewald, Wernigerode und Bad Doberan. Das liegt zum Teil an ihrer Funktion als „Kragenkreise“ im innovativen Dunstkreis von Oberzentren, zum Teil aber auch am niedrigen Ausgangsniveau.
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22.04.2009 • 26/2009
Innovationspotenzial ostdeutscher Regionen: Erfindergeist nicht nur in urbanen Zentren zu Hause
Welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen Innovation und Raum? Die Berechnung eines Innovationsindex, der Kennziffern des Innovationspotenzials zusammenfassend darstellt, zeigt für 112 ostdeutsche Kreise und kreisfreie Städte: Nicht nur und nicht immer liegt das Innovationspotenzial in verdichteten Räumen, die in der Regel aufgrund von Wissens-Spillovers dafür geeignet sind.
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Industry Concentration and Regional Innovative Performance – Empirical Evidence for Eastern Germany
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 8,
2009
Abstract
Regarding technological innovativeness, the transformed economy of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) clearly lags behind the Western part of the country. To face this weakness, a broad mixture of policy measures was carried out in recent years. Particular attention is drawn to the development of industry concentrations and economic ‘clusters’. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policy measures regarding how industry concentrations in fact promote innovative performance in Eastern Germany. The present study tries to fill this gap by analyzing the relationship between industry concentration in Eastern Germany and regional innovative performance. Our empirical analysis is based upon the number of patent applications of 22 manufacturing industries in 22 Eastern German planning regions. The estimated regression models indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of industry concentration and innovative performance. An exceedingly high degree of industry concentration in one region hampers regional innovative output. We discuss policy implications of our findings and give recommendations for future refinement of ‘cluster’-supporting policy schemes in Eastern Germany.
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Exploring technological change in the German pharmaceutical industry. Dissertation
Iciar Dominguez Lacasa
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
Nr. 2,
2006
Abstract
In simple words the pharmaceutical industry links activities and business accomplishing the discovery, development, production and commercialisation of drugs (i. e. products with therapeutic properties). Accordingly, product innovation is based on the search and development of molecules that may have desirable therapeutic effects. Basically new drugs can be developed either with the application of organic chemical synthesis or from the separation of compounds produced by natural microorganisms, which as an application of biotechnology.
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Competition between Financial Markets in Europe: What can be Expected from MiFID?
Hans Degryse
Financial Markets and Portfolio Management,
Nr. 1,
2009
Abstract
The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) could be the foundation of new trading platforms in Europe. This contribution employs insights from the theoretical and empirical literature to highlight some of the possible implications of MiFID. In particular, we argue that more competition will lead to more liquid markets, reflected in lower bid–ask spreads and greater depth. It will also lead to innovation in incumbent markets and stimulate the design of new trading platforms. MiFID has already introduced more competition, as evidenced by the startup of Instinet Chi-X, the announcement of new initiatives, including Project Turquoise and BATS, and the reactions of incumbent exchanges.
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Globalisierung von Forschung und Entwicklung – der Technologiestandort Deutschland
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 2,
2009
Abstract
Am 11. November 2008 fand am Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) zum zweiten Mal ein innovationspolitischer Workshop statt, diesmal zum Thema „Globalisierung von Forschung und Entwicklung – der Technologiestandort Deutschland“. Die Veranstaltung bildete zugleich einen Bestandteil des vom IWH koordinierten EU-Projekts U-Know („Understanding the Relationship between Knowledge and Competitiveness in the Enlarging EU“), das sich mit einer Reihe innovationsökonomischer Forschungsthemen beschäftigt. Der Workshop hatte zum Ziel, das Thema Globalisierung von Forschung und Entwicklung aus wissenschaftlicher, unternehmerischer und innovationspolitischer Perspektive zu beleuchten und die Position Deutschlands im internationalen Technologiewettbewerb zu diskutieren.
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The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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A Novel Approach to Incubator Evaluations: The PROMETHEE Outranking Procedures
Michael Schwartz, Maximilian Göthner
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 1,
2009
Abstract
Considerable public resources are devoted to the establishment and operation of business incubators (BIs), which are seen as catalysts for the promotion of entrepreneurship, innovation activities and regional development. Despite the vast amount of research that has focused on the outcomes or effectiveness of incubator initiatives and how to measure incubator performance, there is still little understanding of how to determine incubators that are more effective than others. Based on data from 410 graduate firms, this paper applies the multi-criteria outranking technique PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) and compares the long-term effectiveness of five technology-oriented BIs in Germany. This is the first time that outranking procedures are used in incubator evaluations. In particular, we investigate whether PROMETHEE is a well-suited methodological approach for the evaluation and comparisons in the specific context of business incubation.
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