Neue Unternehmen sind Hoffnungsträger
Jürgen Schmude, Kerstin Wagner
Externe Publikationen,
2006
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird sowohl den regionalen als auch den sektoralen Unterschieden in den Gründungs- und Überlebensraten in der privaten Wirtschaft in Deutschland nachgegangen. Während die unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen neben dem Banken- und Versicherungssektor die gründungsintensivsten Wirtschaftszweige darstellen, weist das produzierende Gewerbe trotz rückläufiger Gründungszahlen die höchsten Überlebensraten auf.
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Investment and Internal Finance: Asymmetric Information or Managerial Discretion?
Hans Degryse, Abe de Jong
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
Nr. 1,
2006
Abstract
This paper examines the investment-cash flow sensitivity of publicly listed firms in The Netherlands. Investment-cash flow sensitivities can be attributed to overinvestment resulting from the abuse of managerial discretion, but also to underinvestment due to information problems. The Dutch corporate governance structure presents a number of distinctive features, in particular the limited influence of shareholders, the presence of large blockholders, and the importance of bank ties. We expect that in The Netherlands, the managerial discretion problem is more important than the asymmetric information problem. We use Tobin's Q to discriminate between firms with these problems, where LOW Q firms face the managerial discretion problem and HIGH Q firms the asymmetric information problem. As hypothesized, we find substantially larger investment-cash flow sensitivity for LOW Q firms. Moreover, specifically in the LOW Q sample, we find that firms with higher (bank) debt have lower investment-cash flow sensitivity. This finding shows that leverage, and particularly bank debt, is a key disciplinary mechanism which reduces the managerial discretion problem.
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Ein kubischer Spline zur temporalen Disaggregation von Stromgrößen und seine Anwendbarkeit auf Immobilienindizes
Albrecht Kauffmann, A. Nastansky
Statistische Diskussionsbeiträge der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Potsdam, Nr. 22,
Nr. 22,
2006
Abstract
Das Geschehen auf den regional sehr heterogenen Immobilienmärkten ist vor dem Hintergrund stark steigender Preise für Wohn- und Gewerbeimmobilien in den letzten Jahren in weiten Teilen Europas und der Welt stärker ins das Blickfeld der Allgemeinheit sowie der wirtschaftspolitisch Handelnden, insbesondere der Zentralbank, gerückt. Mit einem Anteil von rund 50% nimmt das in Immobilien gebundene Vermögen eine dominierende Stellung im Brutto-Volksvermögen der privaten Haushalte in Deutschland ein. Schwankungen im Wert dieses Eigentums beeinflussen das Verhalten der Haushalte auf den Faktor- und Gütermärkten. So können Vermögenseffekte – hervorgerufen durch steigende oder fallende Immobilienpreise – den Konjunkturverlauf über die Konsumnachfrage positiv wie negativ stimulieren. Überdies kann die Stabilität des Finanzsystems infolge übermäßiger Bewegungen in den Immobilienpreisen und damit einhergehenden Forderungsausfällen von Hypothekendarlehen gefährdet werden. Angesichts der herausragenden volkswirtschaftlichen Bedeutung zeichnet sich jedoch der deutsche Immobilienmarkt auf Grund eines fehlenden amtlichen Berichtssystems durch eine geringe Transparenz aus. Die amtliche Statistik beschränkt sich auf die Erhebung und Veröffentlichung von Preisen für Bauland, Baupreise für Wohngebäude sowie die Mietpreisentwicklung von Wohnimmobilien. Privatwirtschaftliche Institutionen versuchen diese Nische durch die Erhebung eigener Daten und Veröffentlichung von Indizes zu besetzen. Ein Index, der das Preisgeschehen auf den Wohn- und Gewerbeimmobilienmärkten in Deutschland auch unterjährig abbildet, fehlt aber weiterhin.
Die temporale Disaggregation von Jahresdaten kann mittels Regression auf Zeitreihen, die die geforderte Periodizität aufweisen, erfolgen. Soll aber auf die Zuhilfenahme weiterer Daten verzichtet werden, bieten sich deterministische Verfahren an. Diesen sind auch die kubischen Splines zuzurechnen, deren Verwendung in der Literatur gelegentlich – ohne Erläuterung der Methodik und ohne Diskussion der mit ihrer Anwendung verbundenen Probleme, bzw. entsprechende Verweise auf die existierende Literatur – erwähnt wird.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
Nr. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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A strategy view on knowledge in the MNE – Integrating Subsidiary Roles and Knowledge Flows
Björn Jindra
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
We assume knowledge inflows endogenous to subsidiary roles. Integrating organisational and knowledge-based views we propose a new subsidiary typology based on MNE integration-subsidiary capability. We hypothesise that both dimensions are positively associated with knowledge inflows into the focal subsidiary. This prediction is tested with data for 425 subsidiaries. The key findings were: (a) the extent for knowledge inflows differs significantly across all subsidiary roles; (c) it diminishes in a anti-clockwise direction starting in the high integration-high capability quadrant of the IC taxonomy; thus (b) both MNE integration and subsidiary capability drive knowledge inflows, although, the balance shifts more towards integration.
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Knowledge Transfer to MNE Subsidiaries in Central and East Europe - Integrating Knowledge-based and Organisational Perspectives: An Introduction, Special Edition
Johannes Stephan, Björn Jindra
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
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Industry Level Technology Gaps and Complementary Knowledge Stocks as Determinants of Intra-MNC Knowledge Flows
Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Pursuing a subsidiary level analysis, we this paper tests the ‘technology gap’ hypothesis in the context of intra-MNC knowledge flows. Furthermore, it introduces complementary knowledge stocks into the concept of absorptive capacity. A set of hypotheses is tested in sample 434 foreign subsidiaries based in Central and East Europe. We find partial support for the ‘technology gap’ hypothesis applied at industry level. Furthermore, subsidiaries’ complementary knowledge stocks increase the probability for corresponding knowledge inflows from the foreign parent.
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The Potentials for Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investement in Central and East Europe - Results of a Field Study
Judit Hamar, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment plays a particularly crucial role for the processes of technological catch-up in Central East Europe. Whilst most countries of this region have received considerable direct investments, the composition of kinds of subsidiaries is different between countries and hence will the prospects for intense technology transfer also differ between countries. This contribution aims to compare the potentials for internal and external technology transfer across countries of Central East Europe by analysing the management-relationship between subsidiaries and their parents and the market-relationships between subsidiaries and their host economy. For this, a firm-level database of some 458 subsidiaries in Estonia, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia is analysed empirically.
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Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe: Theory, Method of Research and Empirical Evidence
Johannes Stephan
Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe: Theory, Method of Research and Empirical Evidence,
2005
Abstract
Foreign subsidiaries of multinational companies are suggested as one of the main channels of technology transfer to less developed economies. In Central East Europe their presence proved to be a decisive factor to economic restructuring and development. This volume is a unique guide to theory, method of research, and empirical evidence, for technology transfer via foreign subsidiaries of multinational companies. It combines the merits of a core text on technology transfer via FDI with up-to-date empirical evidence.
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Distance and International Banking
Claudia M. Buch
Review of International Economics,
Nr. 4,
2005
Abstract
This paper asks how important distance is as a determinant of international banking and whether distance has become less important over time. If technological progress has lowered information costs and if information costs increase in distance, the importance of distance should have declined. I use data on assets and liabilities of commercial banks from five countries (France, Germany, Italy, UK, and US) in 50 host countries for the years 1983–99 to test this hypothesis. Generally, I find that banks hold significantly lower assets in distant markets and that the importance of distance for the foreign asset holdings of banks has not changed.
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