Optimal Monetary Policy in a Two-sector Environmental DSGE Model
Oliver Holtemöller, Alessandro Sardone
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 18,
2024
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss how environmental damage and emission reduction policies affect the conduct of monetary policy in a two-sector (clean and dirty) dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. In particular, we examine the optimal response of the interest rate to changes in sectoral inflation due to standard supply shocks, conditional on a given environmental policy. We then compare the performance of a nonstandard monetary rule with sectoral inflation targets to that of a standard Taylor rule. Our main results are as follows: first, the optimal monetary policy is affected by the existence of environmental policy (carbon taxation), as this introduces a distortion in the relative price level between the clean and dirty sectors. Second, compared with a standard Taylor rule targeting aggregate inflation, a monetary policy rule with asymmetric responses to sector-specific inflation allows for reduced volatility in the inflation gap, output gap, and emissions. Third, a nonstandard monetary policy rule allows for a higher level of welfare, so the two goals of welfare maximization and emission minimization can be aligned.
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Monetary Policy in an Oil-dependent Economy in the Presence of Multiple Shocks
Andrej Drygalla
Review of World Economics,
February
2023
Abstract
Russian monetary policy has been challenged by large and continuous private capital outflows and a sharp drop in oil prices during 2014. Both contributed to significant depreciation pressures on the ruble and led the central bank to give up its exchange rate management strategy. Against this background, this work estimates a small open economy model for Russia, featuring an oil price sector and extended by a specification of the foreign exchange market to correctly account for systematic central bank interventions. We find that shocks to the oil price and private capital flows substantially affect domestic variables such as inflation and output. Simulations for the estimated actual strategy and alternative regimes suggest that the vulnerability of the Russian economy to external shocks can substantially be lowered by adopting some form of inflation targeting. Strategies to target the nominal exchange rate or the ruble price of oil prove to be inferior.
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Switching to Good Policy? The Case of Central and Eastern European Inflation Targeters
Andrej Drygalla
Macroeconomic Dynamics,
Nr. 8,
2020
Abstract
The paper analyzes how actual monetary policy changed following the official adoption of inflation targeting in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland and how it affected the volatilities of important macroeconomic variables in the years thereafter. To disentangle the effects of the policy shift from exogenous changes in the volatilities of these variables, a Markov-switching dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is estimated that allows for regime switches in the policy parameters and the volatilities of shocks hitting the economies. Whereas estimation results reveal periods of high and low volatility for all three economies, the presence of different policy regimes is supported by the underlying data for the Czech Republic and Poland, only. In both economies, monetary policy switched from weak and unsystematic to strong and systematic responses to inflation dynamics. Simulation results suggest that the policy shifts of both central banks successfully reduced inflation volatility in the following years. The observed reduction in output volatility, on the other hand, is attributed more to a reduction in the size of external shocks.
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Sovereign Default Risk, Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Monetary-Fiscal Stabilisation
Markus Kirchner, Malte Rieth
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 22,
2020
Abstract
This paper examines the role of sovereign default beliefs for macroeconomic fluctuations and stabilisation policy in a small open economy where fiscal solvency is a critical problem. We set up and estimate a DSGE model on Turkish data and show that accounting for sovereign risk significantly improves the fit of the model through an endogenous amplication between default beliefs, exchange rate and inflation movements. We then use the estimated model to study the implications of sovereign risk for stability, fiscal and monetary policy, and their interaction. We find that a relatively strong fiscal feedback from deficits to taxes, some exchange rate targeting, or a monetary response to default premia are more effective and efficient stabilisation tools than hawkish inflation targeting.
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The Evolution of Monetary Policy in Latin American Economies: Responsiveness to Inflation under Different Degrees of Credibility
Stefan Gießler
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 9,
2020
Abstract
This paper investigates the forward-lookingness of monetary policy related to stabilising inflation over time under different degrees of central bank credibility in the four largest Latin American economies, which experienced a different transition path to the full-fledged inflation targeting regime. The analysis is based on an interest rate-based hybrid monetary policy rule with time-varying coefficients, which captures possible shifts from a backward-looking to a forward-looking monetary policy rule related to inflation stabilisation. The main results show that monetary policy is fully forward-looking and exclusively reacts to expected inflation under nearly perfect central bank credibility. Under a partially credible central bank, monetary policy is both backward-looking and forward-looking in terms of stabilising inflation. Moreover, monetary authorities put increasingly more priority on stabilising expected inflation relative to actual inflation if central bank credibility tends to improve over time.
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Switching to Exchange Rate Flexibility? The Case of Central and Eastern European Inflation Targeters
Andrej Drygalla
FIW Working Paper,
Nr. 139,
2015
Abstract
This paper analyzes changes in the monetary policy in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland following the policy shift from exchange rate targeting to inflation targeting around the turn of the millennium. Applying a Markovswitching dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, switches in the policy parameters and the volatilities of shocks hitting the economies are estimated and quantified. Results indicate the presence of regimes of weak and strong responses of the central banks to exchange rate movements as well as periods of high and low volatility. Whereas all three economies switched to a less volatile regime over time, findings on changes in the policy parameters reveal a lower reaction to exchange rate movements in the Czech Republic and Poland, but an increased attention to it in Hungary. Simulations for the Czech Republic and Poland also suggest their respective central banks, rather than a sound macroeconomic environment, being accountable for reducing volatility in variables like inflation and output. In Hungary, their favorable developments can be attributed to a larger extent to the reduction in the size of external disturbances.
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EZB-Strategie: Ist die reine Geldmengensteuerung eine realistische Option?
Silke Tober, Christian Schumacher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 8,
1999
Abstract
Die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) verfolgt eine geldpolitische Strategie, die in der Literatur als Inflations-Targeting bezeichnet wird. Einige Autoren betrachten dies als eine vorübergehende Notlösung, auf die die EZB angesichts verschiedener Unsicherheiten in der Anfangsphase der Europäischen Währungsunion zurückgreifen muß, und plädieren für einen baldigen geldpolitischen Strategiewechsel hin zur Geldmengensteuerung. Hier wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß die Strategie der EZB, die im Rahmen des Inflations-Targeting der Geldmenge eine bedeutende Rolle zumißt, auch für die Zukunft die geeignete geldpolitische Strategie zur Wahrung der Geldwertstabilität ist. Eine reine Geldmengensteuerung ist nicht zweckmäßig. Diese Schlußfolgerung ergibt sich bereits aus den theoretischen Überlegungen und empirischen Erfahrungen der vergangenen 25 Jahre. Ein Grund ist die kurzfristige Volatilität der Geldnachfrage. Die hier vorgestellte empirische Untersuchung deutet, wie auch frühere Studien, darauf hin, daß die Geldnachfrage im Euroraum eine langfristige Stabilität aufweisen wird. Es wird jedoch gezeigt, daß in der kurzen Frist Abweichungen der Geldnachfrage von dem langfristig stabilen Pfad auftreten, so daß sich die Zentralbank schon aus diesem Grund kurzfristig nicht allein an der Geldmenge orientieren kann. Zweitens spricht gegen eine reine Geldmengensteuerung, daß die Geldmenge bestenfalls ein adäquater Frühindikator dafür sein kann, ob von der Geldpolitik eine destabilisierende Wirkung auf den Geldwert ausgeht. Störungen, die ihren Ursprung in der realen Sphäre haben, zeigt die Geldmenge erst an, wenn sie bereits realwirtschaftliche Wirkungen entfaltet haben und damit zu spät für einen frühzeitigen stabilisierenden Eingriff der Geldpolitik.
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Feasibility and Conditionality of Inflation Targeting Among Central European Candidates for the EU Accession
Lucjan T. Orlowski
Forschungsreihe,
Nr. 2,
1999
Abstract
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