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Access to Public Capital Markets and Employment Growth

Alexander Borisov, Andrew Ellul, Merih Sevilir
Journal of Financial Economics, Nr. 3, 2021
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of going public on firm-level employment. To establish a causal effect, we employ a novel data set of private firms to investigate employment growth in IPO firms relative to a group of firms that file for an IPO but subsequently withdraw their offering. We find that employment increases significantly after going public, and the increase is more pronounced in industries with requirements for highly skilled labor and greater dependence on external finance. Improved ability to undertake acquisitions and a strategic shift toward commercialization, rather than agency problems, explain employment growth. Overall, these results highlight the importance of going public for firms' employment policies.
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Returns to ICT Skills

Oliver Falck, Alexandra Heimisch-Roecker, Simon Wiederhold
Research Policy, Nr. 7, 2021
Abstract

How important is mastering information and communication technology (ICT) on modern labor markets? We answer this question with unique data on ICT skills tested in 19 countries. Our two instrumental-variable models exploit technologically induced variation in broadband Internet availability that gives rise to variation in ICT skills across countries and German municipalities. We find statistically and economically significant returns to ICT skills. For instance, an increase in ICT skills similar to the gap between an average-performing and a top-performing country raises earnings by about 8 percent. One mechanism driving positive returns is selection into occupations with high abstract task content.

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O Brother, Where Start Thou? Sibling Spillovers on College and Major Choice in Four Countries

Adam Altmejd, Andrés Barrios-Fernández, Marin Drlje, Joshua Goodman, Michael Hurwitz, Dejan Kovač, Christine Mulhern, Christopher Neilson, Jonathan Smith
Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nr. 3, 2021
Abstract
Family and social networks are widely believed to influence important life decisions, but causal identification of those effects is notoriously challenging. Using data from Chile, Croatia, Sweden, and the United States, we study within-family spillovers in college and major choice across a variety of national contexts. Exploiting college-specific admissions thresholds that directly affect older but not younger siblings’ college options, we show that in all four countries a meaningful portion of younger siblings follow their older sibling to the same college or college-major combination. Older siblings are followed regardless of whether their target and counterfactual options have large, small, or even negative differences in quality. Spillover effects disappear, however, if the older sibling drops out of college, suggesting that older siblings’ college experiences matter. That siblings influence important human capital investment decisions across such varied contexts suggests that our findings are not an artifact of particular institutional detail but a more generalizable description of human behavior. Causal links between the postsecondary paths of close peers may partly explain persistent college enrollment inequalities between social groups, and this suggests that interventions to improve college access may have multiplier effects.
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Rentenanpassungen stabilisieren — ein Vorschlag

Jens Boysen-Hogrefe, Marius Clemens, Marcell Göttert, Robin Jessen, Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaftsdienst, Nr. 7, 2021
Abstract
Die im Rentenversicherungsbericht 2020 vorgelegten Projektionen der Rentenanpassungen der kommenden Jahre sind auf den ersten Blick überraschend. Nach einer De-facto-Nullrunde im laufenden Jahr folgt nach aktuellen Prognosen in den alten Ländern eine Rentenerhöhung von 4,8 % im Jahr 2022 und 3,2 % im darauffolgenden Jahr. 2024 folgt dann wieder eine Nullrunde. Die Abfolge von prognostizierten Nullrunden und Rentenanstiegen basiert dabei nicht auf Schwankungen der makroökonomischen Rahmendaten, die für die Berechnungen im Rentenversicherungsbericht angenommen werden. Sie entstehen vielmehr im Zusammenspiel mit den gesetzlichen Regelungen zur Rentenanpassung. Für das laufende und kommende Jahr gehen sie vor allen Dingen auf die Lohnkomponente der Rentenanpassungsformel zurück. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert einen Vorschlag zur Anpassung der Lohnkomponente, der das Auf und Ab der Rentenanpassungen abschwächen würde.
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IWH-Flash-Indikator III. Quartal und IV. Quartal 2021

Katja Heinisch, Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner, Birgit Schultz
IWH-Flash-Indikator, Nr. 3, 2021
Abstract
Zu Beginn des zweiten Quartals 2021 wurde die wirtschaftliche Erholung durch die dritte Corona-Welle gebremst. Dennoch stieg das Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 1,5%. Allerdings bestanden Angebotsrestriktionen für Dienstleistungen in einigen Bereichen fort. Weil die Corona-Impfquote mittlerweile recht weit vorangeschritten ist, könnten diese Restriktionen aufgehoben werden. Es gibt aber auch Hinweise, dass die Impfungen weniger wirksam sein könnten als erhofft. Außerdem nehmen die Infektionszahlen mit Verbreitung der Delta-Variante wieder zu, was die Aussichten für den Herbst erneut eintrübt. Zudem hemmen in der gewerblichen Wirtschaft weiterhin Lieferketten- und Beschaffungsprobleme, welche zu steigenden Einkaufs­preisen führen, die Produktion. Die Wirtschaft in Deutschland dürfte laut IWH-Flash-Indikator im dritten Quartal 2021 um 1,0% expandieren und im vierten Quartal um 0,1% leicht zurückgehen (vgl. Abbildung 1).
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Hysteresis from Employer Subsidies

Emmanuel Saez, Benjamin Schoefer, David Seim
Journal of Public Economics, August 2021
Abstract
This paper uses administrative data to analyze a large and 8-year long employer payroll tax rate cut in Sweden for young workers aged 26 or less. We replicate previous results documenting that during the earlier years of the reform, it raised youth employment among the treated workers, driven by labor demand (as workers’ take-home wages did not respond). First, drawing on additional years of data, this paper then documents that the longer-run effects during the reform are twice as large as the medium-run effects. Second, we document novel labor-demand-driven “hysteresis” from this policy – i.e. persistent employment effects even after the subsidy no longer applies – along two dimensions. Over the lifecycle, employment effects persist even after workers age out of eligibility. Three years after the repeal, employment remains elevated at the maximal reform level in the formerly subsidized ages. These hysteresis effects more than double the direct employment effects of the reform. Discrimination against young workers in job posting fell during the reform and does not bounce back after repeal, potentially explaining our results.
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Paid Vacation Use: The Role of Works Councils

Laszlo Goerke, Sabrina Jeworrek
Economic and Industrial Democracy, Nr. 3, 2021
Abstract
The article investigates the relationship between codetermination at the plant level and paid vacation in Germany. From a legal perspective, works councils have no impact on vacation entitlements, but they can affect their use. Employing data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), the study finds that male employees who work in an establishment, in which a works council exists, take almost two additional days of paid vacation annually, relative to employees in an establishment without such institution. The effect for females is much smaller, if discernible at all. The data suggest that this gender gap might be due to the fact that women exploit vacation entitlements more comprehensively than men already in the absence of a works council.
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Behavioral Barriers and the Socioeconomic Gap in Child Care Enrollment

Henning Hermes, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold
CESifo Working Paper, Nr. 9282, 2021
publiziert in: Journal of the European Economic Association
Abstract

Children with lower socioeconomic status (SES) tend to benefit more from early child care, but are substantially less likely to be enrolled. We study whether reducing behavioral barriers in the application process increases enrollment in child care for lower-SES children. In our RCT in Germany with highly subsidized child care (n > 600), treated families receive application information and personal assistance for applications. For lower-SES families, the treatment increases child care application rates by 21 pp and enrollment rates by 16 pp. Higher-SES families are not affected by the treatment. Thus, alleviating behavioral barriers closes half of the SES gap in early child care enrollment.

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A Comparison of Monthly Global Indicators for Forecasting Growth

Christiane Baumeister, Pierre Guérin
International Journal of Forecasting, Nr. 3, 2021
Abstract
This paper evaluates the predictive content of a set of alternative monthly indicators of global economic activity for nowcasting and forecasting quarterly world real GDP growth using mixed-frequency models. It shows that a recently proposed indicator that covers multiple dimensions of the global economy consistently produces substantial improvements in forecasting accuracy, while other monthly measures have more mixed success. Specifically, the best-performing model yields impressive gains with MSPE reductions of up to 34% at short horizons and up to 13% at long horizons relative to an autoregressive benchmark. The global economic conditions indicator also contains valuable information for assessing the current and future state of the economy for a set of individual countries and groups of countries. This indicator is used to track the evolution of the nowcasts for the U.S., the OECD area, and the world economy during the COVID-19 pandemic and the main factors that drive the nowcasts are quantified.
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Inequality in Life and Death

Martin S. Eichenbaum, Sergio Rebelo, Mathias Trabandt
NBER Working Papers, Nr. 29063, 2021
publiziert in: IMF Economic Review
Abstract
We argue that the Covid epidemic disproportionately affected the economic well-being and health of poor people. To disentangle the forces that generated this outcome, we construct a model that is consistent with the heterogeneous impact of the Covid recession on low- and high-income people. According to our model, two thirds of the inequality in Covid deaths reflect pre-existing inequality in comorbidity rates and access to quality health care. The remaining third, stems from the fact that low-income people work in occupations where the risk of infection is high. Our model also implies that the rise in income inequality generated by the Covid epidemic reflects the nature of the goods that low-income people produce. Finally, we assess the health-income trade-offs associated with fiscal transfers to the poor and mandatory containment policies.
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