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Lower Firm-Specific Productivity Levels in East Germany and East European Industrial Branches: The Role of Managerial Factors

Johannes Stephan
Germany’s Economic Performance: From Unification to Euroization, 2007
Abstract
During the socialist era, companies in East Germany became much weaker than firms in West Germany in terms of technology and competitiveness. In large part, this may be rooted in the different incentive structures of the two systems: whereas in the West, the criterion for companies’ success was their ability to remain in business and generate income in a contestable market environment, firms in the East were required to fulfil a plan to which they were subjected without having their opinions considered.
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Das Finanzierungsproblem ist das Anreizproblem

Ingmar Kumpmann
Netzwerk Grundeinkommen (Internetplattform), 2008
Abstract
Das Hauptproblem der Finanzierung eines bedingungslosen Grundeinkommens sind dessen Effekte auf die Anreize für Arbeit, Investitionen, Bildung und Innovationen.
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The Transition to Post-industrial BMI Values Among US Children

John Komlos, Ariane Breitfelder, Marco Sunder
NBER Working Paper, Nr. 13898, 2008
Abstract
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Privatisierung kommunaler Leistungen – Erfolgs- und Misserfolgsfaktoren für die Entstaatlichung kommunaler Leistungen

Peter Haug
Demographie als Herausforderung für den öffentlichen Sektor, 2008
Abstract
In diesem Beitrag wurde versucht, Antworten auf die Frage zu finden, ob der u. a. infolge des demographischen Wandels gestiegene Kostendruck für die deutschen Kommunen durch die Privatisierung kommunaler Leistungsangebote gemildert werden kann. Als normativer Referenzrahmen wurde dabei die Theorie des Marktversagens und der Transaktionskostenansatz herangezogen. Eine Bewertung des aktuellen kommunalen Aufgabenspektrums zeigt, dass zwar in vielen Fällen Marktversagenstatbestände vorliegen, die staatliche Markteingriffe nötig machen. Allerdings erfordert dies nicht notwendigerweise, z. B. wegen des in der Praxis vielfach beobachteten „Staatsversagens“, auch eine kommunale Bereitstellung und Produktion. Bei vielen freiwilligen Selbstverwaltungsaufgaben erscheint daher eine weitgehende Privatisierung unter Effizienzgesichtspunkten zumindest unproblematisch. Für die Selbstverwaltungsaufgaben des übertragenen Wirkungskreises stellt sich dagegen – wegen der Unmöglichkeit der Übertragung der Aufgabenverantwortung an Private – derzeit vor allem die Frage nach Eigenproduktion oder Fremdbezug. Zentral für die Auslagerungsentscheidung ist dabei neben der Höhe der potentiellen Transaktionskosten eine hinreichende Wettbewerbsintensität auf den fraglichen Gütermärkten. Wettbewerbsintensität kann – bei entsprechender Teilbarkeit der Produktionsprozesse – durch Vergabe der Leistungen an mehrere Auftragnehmer gesichert werden, notfalls auf Kosten möglicher Größenvorteile. Die exemplarisch ausgewerteten Befunde nationaler und internationaler empirischer Untersuchungen zeigen tendenziell, dass vor allem in kommunalen Bereichen mit niedrigen Transaktionskosten (Müllabfuhr, Reinigungsleistungen) Effizienzgewinne durch Outsourcing möglich sind, sofern eine gewisse Wettbewerbsintensität auch nach der Auslagerung gewährleistet ist. Demgegenüber lassen sich z. B. für die Wasserwirtschaft (hohe Transaktionskosten, Unmöglichkeit eines Wettbewerbs „im Markt“) keine generellen Effizienzvorteile privater gegenüber öffentlichen Unternehmen belegen. Hier wird es vom jeweiligen Einzelfall abhängen, ob eine Privatisierung der Produktion zu Kostenentlastungen für die Kommune führt.
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From University Town to Knowledge City: Strategies and Regulatory Hurdles in Germany

Peter Franz
Knowledge-Based Urban Development: Planning and Applications in the Information Era, 2008
Abstract
Im Bemühen um die Verbesserung ihrer Wirtschaftsleistung stellen Städte, die über Wissenschaftseinrichtungen verfügen, vermehrt Überlegungen an, diesen Standortfaktor als Grundlage für Stadtentwicklungsstrategien heranzuziehen.Ein Überblick über die quantitativen Voraussetzungen in, den deutschen Städten macht deutlich, dass sie gute Voraussetzungen für die Verfolgung einer derartigen „Knowledge city“-Strategie haben Eine Politikfeld-Analyse kommt zum Ergebnis, dass die Erfolgschancen einer „Knowledge city“-Strategie stark vom Geschick abhängen, Netzwerke zu knüpfen und Kooperationen einzuleiten. Eine besondere Hürde stellt bisher noch die geringe Autonomie der Hochschulen dar, was sich insbesondere im Vergleich zu den Universitäten in den USA herausstellt. Erste politische Reaktionen zeigen, daß die Problematik dieser Regulierungspraxis zunehmend erkannt wird und neue Hochschulgesetze einen Autonomiezuwachs von Wissenschaftseinrichtungen ermöglichen.
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Industry Specialization, Diversity and the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems

Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Determinants of Innovative Behaviour, 2008
Abstract
Innovation processes are characterized by a pronounced division of labor between actors. Two types of externality may arise from such interactions. On the one hand, a close location of actors affiliated to the same industry may stimulate innovation (MAR externalities). On the other hand, new ideas may be born by the exchange of heterogeneous and complementary knowledge between actors, which belong to different industries (Jacobs’ externalities). We test the impact of both MAR as well as Jacobs’ externalities on innovative performance at the regional level. The results suggest an inverted u-shaped relationship between regional specialization in certain industries and innovative performance. Further key determinants of the regional innovative performance are private sector R&D and university-industry collaboration.
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Softening Competition by Inducing Switching in Credit Markets

Jan Bouckaert, Hans Degryse
Journal of Industrial Economics, Nr. 1, 2004
Abstract
We show that competing banks relax overall competition by inducing borrowers to switch lenders. We illustrate our findings in a two-period model with adverse selection where banks strategically commit to disclosing borrower information. By doing this, they invite rivals to poach their first-period market. Disclosure of borrower information increases the rival's second-period profits. This dampens competition for serving the first-period market.
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EFN Report Summer 2015: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, Nr. 3, 2015
Abstract
External conditions for the euro area economy are still favourable, albeit somewhat less so than at the beginning of the year. Oil prices are by more than a third lower than they were on average in 2014, but about 10 USD higher than in January. Long term interest rates are still very low, but by half a percentage point higher than in January. Worldwide growth in production and trade has disappointed in the first quarter of 2015, and recent leading indicators point to no more than a slightly faster expansion of world production for the rest of the year. The risks of contagion from the Greek crisis to the partner countries appear limited, because financial exposure to the Greek banking sector has been very much reduced. The EU nowadays has instruments with considerable power to fight losses of confidence, and the other countries that received financial assistance in the euro crisis appear politically much more stable, and their economies (including that of Cyprus in the first quarter of this year) have started growing at quite satisfactory rates. According to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.6% in 2015 and by 2.1% in 2016, as negative factors slowly become less important. Both private consumption and investment will expand at a good pace, and the unemployment rate will diminish, but still remain above 10% by the end of 2016. The main risk is that the Greek crisis has a more negative effect on confidence than initially expected. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.2%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. During the first quarter of 2015 rising oil prices were the main contributors to the ascending inflation expectations, while during the second quarter upward surprises over expected inflation have come from manufactured goods and services. For 2016, we expect that inflation will increase up to 1.2%, still below the 2% ECB’s target.
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EFN Report Winter 2014/15: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, Nr. 1, 2015
Abstract
At the beginning of the year 2015 crude oil is, with little more than 50 dollars per barrel (Brent), about 50% cheaper than in the summer 2014. The oil price hike is a stimulus for the whole world economy, even though the gains of energy users are matched by losses of the suppliers: oil producing countries frequently run high current account surpluses vis-à-vis the rest of the world. It is therefore plausible to assume that, reacting to the redistribution of incomes, the oil user countries will increase their spending by more than what will be lost in spending by producers. Investment activity in the euro area has recently been particularly weak. Remarkably, investment in Greece, Portugal, and Spain, i.e. in countries that had to accept international support during the euro crisis, has strengthened. The setback took place in the so-called core countries, including Germany. Consumption growth was also subdued. Lower oil prices, by increasing real incomes of consumers and lowering production costs for firms, should increase private consumption and, in particular, investment. Moreover, the depreciation of the euro will favour exports. Overall, according to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.3% in 2015 and by 1.6% in 2016. GDP growth is about 0.3 percentage points higher due to the impact of lower oil prices in 2015. However, these forecasts are subject to substantial uncertainty, and we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate during the forecasting horizon. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.3%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.1%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for further monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus. The expansionary cyclical policies should be combined with more structural reforms to enhance the competitiveness of the euro area and its growth potential, which in our forecasts remains quite limited. In fact, we expect potential output to grow by only 0.4% both in 2015 and 2016.
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EFN Report Spring 2015: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, Nr. 2, 2015
Abstract
Recent movements on world markets for commodities, currencies and capital stimulate the world economy, but they entail also considerable risks: income losses of energy exporting countries might trigger financial crises with worldwide repercussions; crises might also emerge from financial distress of emerging market debtors with liabilities denominated in US dollars. Extremely low interest rates might not only trigger stock and bond price booms, but also more volatility if investors become fearful of financial bubbles. Quite a few conditions are highly beneficial for a recovery of the euro area economy: governments and large corporations benefit from ultra-low bond yields, banks’ composite costs of debt financing have been converging during the past two years to very low levels, and borrowing costs for non-financial corporations have come down markedly. Prices for stocks, bonds and (on average) houses have gone up. Real disposable incomes of private households have risen due to oil prices. The real effective exchange rate is about 10% lower in March 2015 than it was a year ago, strengthening the price competitiveness of firms in the euro area. According to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.6% in 2015 and by 2.1% in 2016. Structural impediments, however, still limit the ability of the euro area economy to grow strongly: firms and, in particular, private households are only slowly reducing their heavy debt burdens, and confidence will not fully come back in France and Italy, as long as reform processes are inconclusive in both countries and as long as unemployment is not coming down markedly. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.1%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.3%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for continued monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus, in particular in those countries where the implementation of structural reforms brings long term gains but short term losses.
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