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Kommentar: Wen die Götter bestrafen wollen, dessen Gebete erhören sie

Reint E. Gropp
Wirtschaft im Wandel, Nr. 4, 2016
Abstract
Die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) hat in ihrer Ratssitzung am 8. September dieses Jahres entschieden, die Zinsen auf absehbare Zeit auf dem gegenwärtigen niedrigen Niveau zu halten, und hält sich offen, das Anleihekaufprogramm über den März 2017 hinaus zu verlängern. Sie kauft weiterhin monatlich Staatsanleihen und andere Wertpapiere im Wert von 80 Milliarden Euro, ist aber auch noch zu weiterem Handeln bereit – alles andere wäre auch ein falsches Signal gewesen. Eine Verlängerung des Ankaufprogramms nicht in Aussicht zu stellen – und damit implizit auch ein Ende der Niedrigzinsphase in Betracht zu ziehen –, dies hätten die Märkte als Signal zum Ausstieg aus der aktuellen Geldpolitik gedeutet. Das wiederum hätte sich umgehend auf Zinsen und Vermögenswerte ausgewirkt und wäre zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt hochproblematisch. Denn noch immer liegt die Inflationsrate deutlich unter dem Zielwert der EZB von 2%.
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29.09.2016 • 40/2016

Gemeinschaftsdiagnose im Herbst 2016: Deutsche Wirtschaft gut ausgelastet – Wirtschaftspolitik neu ausrichten

Die deutsche Wirtschaft befindet sich in einem moderaten Aufschwung, der von einem stabilen Arbeitsmarkt und kräftigen Konsum gestützt wird. Davon gehen die an der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose beteiligten Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute aus. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt wird demnach im nächsten Jahr um 1,4 Prozent und im Jahr 2018 um 1,6 Prozent wachsen. Für das laufende Jahr wird ein Wachstum von 1,9 Prozent erwartet, so die von der Bundesregierung in Auftrag gegebene Gemeinschaftsdiagnose. Im Frühjahr gingen die Institute noch von einem Wachstum von 1,6 Prozent für dieses und 1,5 Prozent für nächstes Jahr aus.

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The Macroeconomic Risks of Undesirably Low Inflation

Jonas Arias, Christopher J. Erceg, Mathias Trabandt
European Economic Review, 2016
Abstract
This paper investigates the macroeconomic risks associated with undesirably low inflation using a medium-sized New Keynesian model. We consider different causes of persistently low inflation, including a downward shift in long-run inflation expectations, a fall in nominal wage growth, and a favorable supply-side shock. We show that the macroeconomic effects of persistently low inflation depend crucially on its underlying cause, as well as on the extent to which monetary policy is constrained by the zero lower bound. Finally, we discuss policy options to mitigate these effects.
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EFN Report Autumn 2016: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2017 and 2017

EFN Reports, Nr. 4, 2016
Abstract
During the first half of 2016, investment activity of private firms was weak in most advanced economies and labour producitivity was even decreasing, as was world trade in goods. Consumption of private households, however, kept the world economy afloat. Within this global context, the modest recovery of the euro area economy continues, with important tailwinds from labour markets. Employment ist expanding everywhre, even in those countries, such as France and Italy, where unemployment rates have still not come down significantly. Since monetary and fisical policies will not become more expansive in 2017, the stimulus from cheap oil is fading, and exports to the UK will be dragged down by the fallout of the Brexit votem there is reason to expect the euro area recovery to lose some momentum. GDP will, according to our forecast, increase by 1,6% in this year and by 1,5% in 2017, about as much as potential output in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2016 is 0,2%. For 2017, we expect inflation to increase up to 1,2%, as during next year the favourable effects of decreasing energy prices will fade off.
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09.09.2016 • 37/2016

Kommentar: IWH-Präsident Reint E. Gropp: Die EZB widersteht der Kritik und hält am Anleihekaufprogramm fest; behält sich sogar offen, es auszuweiten. Diese Entscheidung ist vollkommen angemessen.

Die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) hält an ihrer bisherigen Strategie fest. Darunter fällt auch das vielkritisierte Anleihekaufprogramm, das zunächst bis März 2017 laufen soll. Die EZB hielt sich heute offen, das Programm über den März hinaus weiter zu verlängern und widerstand damit der lauten Kritik, die unter anderem aus den europäischen Großbanken zu hören war.

Reint E. Gropp
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Monetary-fiscal Policy Interaction and Fiscal Inflation: A Tale of Three Countries

Martin Kliem, Alexander Kriwoluzky, Samad Sarferaz
European Economic Review, 2016
Abstract
We study the impact of the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy on the low-frequency relationship between the fiscal stance and inflation using cross-country data from 1965 to 1999. In a first step, we contrast the monetary–fiscal narrative for Germany, the U.S., and Italy with evidence obtained from simple regression models and a time-varying VAR. We find that the low-frequency relationship between the fiscal stance and inflation is low during periods of an independent central bank and responsible fiscal policy and more pronounced in times of non-responsible fiscal policy and accommodative monetary authorities. In a second step, we use an estimated DSGE model to interpret the low-frequency measure structurally and to illustrate the mechanisms through which fiscal actions affect inflation in the long run. The findings from the DSGE model suggest that switches in the monetary–fiscal policy interaction and accompanying variations in the propagation of structural shocks can well account for changes in the low-frequency relationship between the fiscal stance and inflation.
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EFN Report Summer 2016: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2016 and 2017

EFN Reports, Nr. 3, 2016
Abstract
Short run consequences of Brexit for the euro area economy mainly depend on the effects on confidence in the stability of the European Union and the currency area in particular. Anti-European (or indeed anti-globalization) movements are certainly encouraged by the British vote. More important, however, might be a reverse effect: from the perspective of the British turmoil, the euro area might in the near future appear as a zone of relative stability and calm. Against the background of a sluggish world economy, the euro area economy recently performed reasonably well: dynamics have been slowly increasing since 2013, and the rate of expansion in the first quarter of 2016 was one of the highest of the past couple of years. Looking forward, the drivers of the recovery should continue supporting growth in the second half of 2016 and for much of 2017. Our forecast is that euro area GDP will expand by 1.7% in 2016 and by 1.6% in 2017, with only a minor effect from Brexit. This year, like in 2015, average oil prices will probably be markedly lower than they were a year ago, supporting real incomes of private households and lowering production costs of firms, and monetary policy will still be supportive. Labour markets appear to continue improving slowly. Associated with the improved economic conditions, we expect a slight increase in euro area inflation during 2016, 0.3%, with a more marked increase in 2017, 1,3%.
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Kommentar: Die EZB tut, was sie kann – nun ist die Politik gefordert

Reint E. Gropp
Wirtschaft im Wandel, Nr. 2, 2016
Abstract
Der Euroraum verharrt in einer tiefen, vierfachen Krise. Die erste ist eine Wachstumskrise. Im Euroraum liegt die wirtschaftliche Leistung immer noch unterhalb des Niveaus von vor der Finanzkrise 2008. Zudem leidet der Euroraum weiterhin unter hoher Arbeitslosigkeit und zu niedriger Inflation. Der Euroraum leidet außerdem unter einem zu geringen Produktivitätswachstum, vor allem bei den Dienstleistungen. Es fehlt hier an Innovationsdynamik und Investitionen.
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On the Low-frequency Relationship Between Public Deficits and Inflation

Martin Kliem, Alexander Kriwoluzky, Samad Sarferaz
Journal of Applied Econometrics, Nr. 3, 2016
Abstract
We estimate the low-frequency relationship between fiscal deficits and inflation and pay special attention to its potential time variation by estimating a time-varying vector autoregression model for US data from 1900 to 2011. We find the strongest relationship neither in times of crisis nor in times of high public deficits, but from the mid 1960s up to 1980. Employing a structural decomposition of the low-frequency relationship and further narrative evidence, we interpret our results such that the low-frequency relationship between fiscal deficits and inflation is strongly related to the conduct of monetary policy and its interaction with fiscal policy after World War II.
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EFN Report Spring 2016: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2016 and 2017

EFN Reports, Nr. 2, 2016
Abstract
Global growth will stay rather moderate this year. The peak of the upswing in the US appears to be over. For Japan, after three years of “Abenomics”, a prolonged upswing is still elusive. In China low profitability and high debt levels of many government-owned industrial firms continue to drag growth down. The low prices for commodities heighten uncertainty and volatility on financial markets since they increase the risks of financial crises in economies that are dependent on commodity exports. In the euro area, chances for the recovery to continue are good, as this year, like in 2015, oil prices will probably be markedly lower than they were a year ago, supporting real income of private households and lowering production costs of firms. In this context, our forecast is that euro area GDP will expand by 1.6% in 2016 and by 1.7% in 2017. These rates are higher than the rate of potential growth, but they are arguably low given the expansive monetary policy and the strong stimulus from decreased commodity prices. We do not expect an increase in euro area inflation during 2016, but prices will grow by around 1% in 2017, because the dampening effects of decreasing energy prices slowly fade off and the euro remains rather weak. However, risks for this cautiously optimistic forecast are substantial. New shadows on the financial sector, the uncertainty about whether or not the British will vote in favour of membership in the European Union and the lack of a viable political solution for the refugee crisis are some of the main uncertainties behind these forecasts.
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