Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
Nr. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
Artikel Lesen
Distance, Lending Relationships, and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Journal of Finance,
Nr. 1,
2005
Abstract
We study the effect on loan conditions of geographical distance between firms, the lending bank, and all other banks in the vicinity. For our study, we employ detailed contract information from more than 15,000 bank loans to small firms comprising the entire loan portfolio of a large Belgian bank. We report the first comprehensive evidence on the occurrence of spatial price discrimination in bank lending. Loan rates decrease with the distance between the firm and the lending bank and increase with the distance between the firm and competing banks. Transportation costs cause the spatial price discrimination we observe.
Artikel Lesen
The Impact of Technology and Regulation on the Geographical Scope of Banking
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
Nr. 4,
2004
Abstract
We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse the current state of the European banking sector. We discuss both theoretical contributions and empirical work and highlight open questions along the way. We draw three main lessons from the current theoretical and empirical literature: (i) bank lending to small businesses in Europe may be characterized both by (local) spatial pricing and resilient (regional and/or national) market segmentation; (ii) because of informational asymmetries in the retail market, bank mergers and acquisitions seem the optimal route of entering another market, long before cross-border servicing or direct entry are economically feasible; and (iii) current technological and regulatory developments may, to a large extent, remain impotent in further dismantling the various residual but mutually reinforcing frictions in the retail banking markets in Europe. We conclude the paper by offering pertinent policy recommendations based on these three lessons.
Artikel Lesen
The Influence of a Heterogeneous Banking Sector on the Interbank Market Rate in the Euro Area
Ulrike Neyer, Jürgen Wiemers
Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics,
2004
Abstract
Artikel Lesen
Why do we have an interbank money market?
Jürgen Wiemers, Ulrike Neyer
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 182,
2003
Abstract
The interbank money market plays a key role in the execution of monetary policy. Hence, it is important to know the functioning of this market and the determinants of the interbank money market rate. In this paper, we develop an interbank money market model with a heterogeneous banking sector. We show that besides for balancing daily liquidity fluctuations banks participate in the interbank market because they have different marginal costs of obtaining funds from the central bank. In the euro area, which we refer to, these cost differences occur because banks have different marginal cost of collateral which they need to hold to obtain funds from the central bank. Banks with relatively low marginal costs act as intermediaries between the central bank and banks with relatively high marginal costs. The necessary positive spread between the interbank market rate and the central bank rate is determined by transaction costs and credit risk in the interbank market, total liquidity needs of the banking sector, costs of obtaining funds from the central bank, and the distribution of the latter across banks.
Artikel Lesen
Bank Concentration and Retail Interest Rates
S. Corvoisier, Reint E. Gropp
Journal of Banking and Finance,
Nr. 11,
2002
Abstract
The recent wave of mergers in the euro area raises the question whether the increase in concentration has offset the increase in competition in European banking through deregulation. We test this question by estimating a simple Cournot model of bank pricing. We construct country and product specific measures of bank concentration and find that for loans and demand deposits increasing concentration may have resulted in less competitive pricing by banks, whereas for savings and time deposits, the model is rejected, suggesting increases in contestability and/or efficiency in these markets. Finally, the paper discusses some implications for tests of the effect of concentration on monetary policy transmission.
Artikel Lesen
Financial crisis and problems yet to solve - conference proceedings
IWH-Sonderhefte,
Nr. 6,
2000
Abstract
Since the beginning of 1997, a currency and/or banking crisis broke out in several transition countries (Bulgaria, Romania, the Czech Republic, Russia, Ukraine). In 1995, Hungary avoided a financial crisis by adjusting properly her macroeconomic policies. Financial markets in transition countries are still small. They gain, however, more and more importance for the entire economy. Part of the countries mentioned are candidates for EU membership. They have to show their ability to stabilize their exchange rates and financial sectors. The fact that overcoming the financial crisis in Asia and Latin America required international assistance (e.g. IMF) underlines the political importance of strategies of preventing such crises in the EU's immediate neighborhood.
Artikel Lesen
Relationship Lending within a Bank-Based System: Evidence from European Small Business Data
Hans Degryse, Patrick Van Cayseele
Journal of Financial Intermediation,
Nr. 1,
2000
Abstract
We investigate relationship lending using detailed contract information from nearly 18,000 bank loans to small Belgian firms operating within the continental European bank-based system. Specifically, we investigate the impact of different measures of relationship strength on price and nonprice terms of the loan contract. We test for the possibility of rent shifting by banks. The evidence shows two opposing effects. On the one hand, the loan rate increases with the duration of a bank–firm relationship. On the other hand, the scope of a relationship, defined as the purchase of other information-sensitive products from a bank, decreases the loan's interest rate substantially. Relationship duration and scope thus have opposite effects on loan rates, with the latter being more important. We also find that the collateral requirement is decreasing in the duration of the relationship and increasing in its scope.
Artikel Lesen
Die Wirtschaftslage in China: Leichte Abwertung erst mittelfristig zu erwarten
Sun Xiaoqing
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 13,
1998
Abstract
Bereits vor dem Beginn der Asienkrise hatte sich das chinesische Wirtschaftswachstum, das in der ersten Hälfte der neunziger Jahre zweistellige Raten erreicht hatte, deutlich abgeschwächt. Zu einem gewissen Maß war diese Abschwächung im Zuge der Inflationsbekämpfung erwünscht. Nicht nur die Inlandsnachfrage, sondern auch die Exportnachfrage hat deutlich an Dynamik verloren. Die Absatzmöglichkeiten chinesischer Unternehmen im Ausland haben sich im Zuge der Asienkrise zugespitzt, und es ist nicht zu erwarten, daß das von der Regierung für dieses Jahr gesetzte Wachstumsziel in Höhe von 8 vH realisiert werden kann. Die Abwertung der Währungen der südostasiatischen Krisenländer und des japanischen Yen, der wirtschaftliche Zusammenbruch in diesen Ländern und die steigende Arbeitslosigkeit in China nähren Zweifel daran, ob der fixe Wechselkurs des chinesischen Yuan zum US-Dollar aufrechtzuhalten ist. Gegen eine Abwertung sprechen in erster Linie der resultierende Vertrauensverlust, die Gefahr einer Aufrechterhaltung des Wechselkurses zum US-Dollar kann von dieser Seite bedroht werden. Dies gilt um so mehr, als sich gegenwärtig ein Auslandsdirektinvestition abzeichnet. Durch die Wachstumsabschwächung machen sich bestehende Probleme im Unternehmenssektor stärker bemerkbar. Nach offiziellen Angaben schreiben etwa 40 vH der zumeist klein- und mittel-ständischen Staatsbetriebe rote Zahlen. Diese Betriebe haben erhebliche Absatzschwierigkeiten. Das Bankensystem steht infolge eines hohen Bestands an „faulen“ Krediten vor einer Finanzkrise. Von den notleidenden und uneinbringbaren Krediten entfallen mindestens 40 vH auf den Staatssektor und konzentrieren sich dabei insbesondere auf zwei Bereiche: die Staatsbetriebe und den Immobiliensektor. Da die chinesische Regierung jedoch explizit die Zahlungsfähigkeit der Staatsbanken garantiert, ist das Risiko eines Schwundes an öffentlichem Vertrauen zur Zeit begrenzt.
Artikel Lesen
Disinflation trotz Mehrwertsteuererhöhung 1998
Silke Tober
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 5,
1998
Abstract
Trotz verschiedener Angebotsschocks, die tendenziell einen Preisniveauschub erzeugen, war der Anstieg des Preisindex der Lebenshaltung in der Bundesrepublik 1997 niedrig und blieb mit 1,8 vH im mittleren Bereich der von der Bundesbank anvisierten Inflationsspanne. In diesem Jahr wird sich der Anstieg des Preisniveaus trotz der Mehrwertsteuererhöhung nicht beschleunigen, sondern verlangsamen. Ausschlaggebend sind die erneut sinkenden Lohnstückkosten infolge eines Zurückbleibens der Lohnentwicklung hinter dem Produktivitätszuwachs. Der daraus resultierende Anstieg der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ist stärker, als durch die Inflationsdifferenz gegenüber dem Ausland angezeigt ist, weil die Mehrwertsteuer, die sich 1998 mit etwa 0,3 Prozentpunkten auf den Preisniveauanstieg niederschlägt, nicht auf Exportgüter, wohl aber auf Importgüter erhoben wird. Trotz der Abschwächung des Preisniveauanstiegs, einer Disinflation, besteht bei unveränderter Wechselkursentwicklung angesichts der gefestigten Konjunktur im gesamten künftigen Euroraum derzeit kein geldpolitischer Handlungsbedarf. In den neuen Ländern wurde der Anstieg des Preisindex der Lebenshaltungskosten 1997 stärker von den Sonderfaktoren beeinflußt, die auch die westdeutsche Entwicklung prägten. Insbesondere der Anstieg der administrierten Preise bewirkte, daß das Preisniveau hier mit 2,1 vH deutlich kräftiger stieg. In diesem Jahr ist eine weitere Angleichung der Preisniveauentwicklung zu erwarten. Da die Mehrwertsteuererhöhung in Ostdeutschland etwas stärker zu Buche schlägt, wird der Anstieg des Preisindex für die Lebenshaltung jedoch leicht über der westdeutschen Rate liegen.
Artikel Lesen
