Does it Payoff to Research Economics? A Tale of Citation, Knowledge and Economic Growth in Transition Countries
Dejan Kovač, Boris Podobnik, Nikol Scrbec
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,
September
2018
Abstract
There are many economic theories that promote human capital as a key driver of a country’s economic growth, but it is challenging to test this theory empirically on a country level and causally interpret the coefficients due to several identification problems. We tried to answer this particular question by using a quasi-natural experiment that happened quarter century ago – the fall of communist block in Eastern Europe. We use a shock to a particular scientific field – economics, to test whether the future investment into that particular field resulted in increased welfare and economic growth. The economics paradigm that was governing all of the communist block ceased to exist. Human capital depreciated over night and all communist countries had to transit from planned economy to a market economy. In the following years countries had to adapt to market economy through additional investment in human capital and research. We find that countries which lack both of the two fourth mentioned components had 25 years later a relatively lower economic growth and wealth. Unlike economics, other fields such as physics and medicine did not go through the same process so we use them as a placebo effect for our study. We find that the relative ratio of citations between economics and physics in post-communist countries is increasing only 15 years after the “paradigm” shock which gives a suggestive evidence that timing of investment into particular scientific field matters the most.
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Global Food Prices and Monetary Policy in an Emerging Market Economy: The Case of India
Oliver Holtemöller, Sushanta Mallick
Journal of Asian Economics,
2016
Abstract
This paper investigates a perception in the political debates as to what extent poor countries are affected by price movements in the global commodity markets. To test this perception, we use the case of India to establish in a standard SVAR model that global food prices influence aggregate prices and food prices in India. To further analyze these empirical results, we specify a small open economy New-Keynesian model including oil and food prices and estimate it using observed data over the period 1996Q2 to 2013Q2 by applying Bayesian estimation techniques. The results suggest that a big part of the variation in inflation in India is due to cost-push shocks and, mainly during the years 2008 and 2010, also to global food price shocks, after having controlled for exogenous rainfall shocks. We conclude that the inflationary supply shocks (cost-push, oil price, domestic food price and global food price shocks) are important contributors to inflation in India. Since the monetary authority responds to these supply shocks with a higher interest rate which tends to slow growth, this raises concerns about how such output losses can be prevented by reducing exposure to commodity price shocks.
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Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of Institutional and Cultural Determinants
Stefan Eichler, N. Lucke
Applied Economics,
Nr. 11,
2016
Abstract
Using panel data for 29 source and 65 host countries in the period 1995–2009, we examine the determinants of bilateral FDI stocks, focusing on institutional and cultural factors. The results reveal that institutional and cultural distance is important and that FDI has a predominantly regional aspect. FDI to developing countries is positively affected by better institutions in the host country, while foreign investors prefer to invest in developed countries that are more corrupt and politically unstable compared to home. The results indicate that foreign investors prefer to invest in countries with less diverse societies than their own.
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Arbeitsmarktbilanz Ostdeutschland: Beschäftigung im Osten rückläufig
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 6,
2015
Abstract
Der seit dem vierten Quartal 2014 zu beobachtende Beschäftigungsrückgang hat sich fortgesetzt. Im zweiten Quartal 2015 nahm die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen saisonbereinigt mit 0,2% sogar noch etwas stärker ab als in den beiden Quartalen zuvor. Dabei lag im ersten Halbjahr 2015 das Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 1,1% über dem Vorjahresstand. In Westdeutschland, wo das Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 1,5% zunahm, legte die Beschäftigung weiter zu.
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Global Food Prices and Business Cycle Dynamics in an Emerging Market Economy
Oliver Holtemöller, Sushanta Mallick
Abstract
This paper investigates a perception in the political debates as to what extent poor countries are affected by price movements in the global commodity markets. To test this perception, we use the case of India to establish in a standard SVAR model that global food prices influence aggregate prices and food prices in India. To further analyze these empirical results, we specify a small open economy New-Keynesian model including oil and food prices and estimate it using observed data over the period from 1996Q2 to 2013Q2 by applying Bayesian estimation techniques. The results suggest that big part of the variation in inflation in India is due to cost-push shocks and, mainly during the years 2008 and 2010, also to global food price shocks, after having controlled for exogenous rainfall shocks. We conclude that the inflationary supply shocks (cost-push, oil price, domestic food price and global food price shocks) are important contributors to inflation in India. Since the monetary authority responds to these supply shocks with a higher interest rate which tends to slow growth, this raises concerns about how such output losses can be prevented by reducing exposure to commodity price shocks and thereby achieve higher growth.
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Die mittelfristige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Deutschland für die Jahre 2014 bis 2019
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Katja Drechsel, Oliver Holtemöller, Brigitte Loose, Götz Zeddies
Konjunktur aktuell,
Nr. 1,
2015
Abstract
Alles in allem dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in Deutschland im Jahr 2014 um 1,5% steigen. Im Jahr 2015 wird es wohl um 1,3% zunehmen – etwa 0,2 Prozentpunkte davon sind auf den Ölpreisrückgang zurückzuführen. Nach einer Unterauslastung der Kapazitäten im Jahr 2014 dürfte sich die Produktionslücke Ende des Jahres 2015 schließen. Im Jahr 2016 dürfte die Produktion um 1,6% steigen. Für das Jahr 2014 reicht das 66%-Prognoseintervall für den Zuwachs des Bruttoinlandsprodukts von 1,4% bis 1,6%, für das Jahr 2015 von 0,4% bis 2,1% und für das Jahr 2016 von 0,2% bis 3,4%.
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Konjunkturelle Effekte des Ölpreisfalls in den Jahren 2014 bis 2016
Andrej Drygalla, Stefan Gießler, Oliver Holtemöller
Wirtschaftskammer Österreich: Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter,
Nr. 4,
2015
Abstract
Der Ölpreis ist seit der Mitte des Jahres 2014 deutlich gesunken. Die konjunkturellen Effekte von Ölpreisänderungen hängen davon ab, ob nachfrageseitige oder angebotsseitige Ursachen die Preisänderung auslösen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Ölpreisrückgang seit Mitte des Jahres 2014 in eine konjunkturelle und eine ölmarktspezifische Komponente zerlegt. Anschließend wird mit dem internationalen Konjunkturmodell des IWH analysiert, welchen Beitrag der Ölpreisrückgang zur konjunkturellen Entwicklung seit Mitte des Jahres 2014 geleistet hat und welche Effekte bis zum Ende des Jahres 2016 noch zu erwarten sind. Es werden sowohl ölexportierende (Russland) als auch ölimportierende Länder (G7-Länder und Österreich) betrachtet. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt wird im betrachteten Länderkreis in den USA und in Japan am stärksten stimuliert, während der Ölpreisfall in Russland das Bruttoinlandsprodukt deutlich dämpft.
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Outperforming IMF Forecasts by the Use of Leading Indicators
Katja Drechsel, Sebastian Giesen, Axel Lindner
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 4,
2014
Abstract
This study analyzes the performance of the IMF World Economic Outlook forecasts for world output and the aggregates of both the advanced economies and the emerging and developing economies. With a focus on the forecast for the current and the next year, we examine whether IMF forecasts can be improved by using leading indicators with monthly updates. Using a real-time dataset for GDP and for the indicators we find that some simple single-indicator forecasts on the basis of data that are available at higher frequency can significantly outperform the IMF forecasts if the publication of the Outlook is only a few months old.
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The Impact of Institutional and Social Characteristics on Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Japan
Stefan Eichler, Alexander Karmann, N. Lucke
Annals of Financial Economics,
Nr. 2,
2013
Abstract
We examine the determinants of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) focusing on institutional and social factors. Using panel data on 59 countries from 1995 to 2008, we find that host countries with free and open markets and greater cultural distance from Japan attract Japanese FDI. Good institutions, such as a well-developed legal framework and an effective government, are important in promoting Japanese FDI to emerging economies, whereas fewer regulatory restrictions, lower tax burden, and more religious diversity attract Japanese FDI to developed countries. We find that corruption stimulates Japanese FDI to developed countries, which is contrary to most previous research.
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Towards Deeper Financial Integration in Europe: What the Banking Union Can Contribute
Claudia M. Buch, T. Körner, Benjamin Weigert
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 13,
2013
Abstract
The agreement to establish a Single Supervisory Mechanism in Europe is a major step towards a Banking Union, consisting of centralized powers for the supervision of banks, the restructuring and resolution of distressed banks, and a common deposit insurance system. In this paper, we argue that the Banking Union is a necessary complement to the common currency and the Internal Market for capital. However, due care needs to be taken that steps towards a Banking Union are taken in the right sequence and that liability and control remain at the same level throughout. The following elements are important. First, establishing a Single Supervisory Mechanism under the roof of the ECB and within the framework of the current EU treaties does not ensure a sufficient degree of independence of supervision and monetary policy. Second, a European institution for the restructuring and resolution of banks should be established and equipped with sufficient powers. Third, a fiscal backstop for bank restructuring is needed. The ESM can play a role but additional fiscal burden sharing agreements are needed. Direct recapitalization of banks through the ESM should not be possible until legacy assets on banks’ balance sheets have been cleaned up. Fourth, introducing European-wide deposit insurance in the current situation would entail the mutualisation of legacy assets, thus contributing to moral hazard.
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