Im Sog der Weltrezession: Gemeinschaftsdiagnose Frühjahr 2009
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
1. Sonderausgabe
2009
Abstract
Die Weltwirtschaft befindet sich im Frühjahr 2009 in der tiefsten Rezession seit der Großen Depression. Der Abschwung verschärfte sich im Herbst zu einem regelrechten Einbruch, der rasch nahezu alle Länder der Welt erfasste. Auch umfangreiche staatliche Programme zur Stützung des Finanzsektors und zur Belebung der Konjunktur konnten bislang das Vertrauen der Akteure in die zukünftige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung nicht wieder herstellen.
Eine Abkühlung der Weltkonjunktur hatte sich bereits im Verlauf des Jahres 2007 angedeutet. Zu Beginn des vergangenen Jahres war die konjunkturelle Schwäche noch weitgehend auf die USA beschränkt. Danach setzte auch in den übrigen Industrieländern ein Abschwung ein. Die dramatische Zuspitzung der Situation an den Finanzmärkten im September 2008, die in dem Zusammenbruch der Investmentbank Lehman Brothers kulminierte, löste dann einen schweren Einbruch der Produktion aus, der auch die Schwellenländer erfasste, die sich zuvor noch recht robust gezeigt hatten. Die Stärke des Abschwungs im Winterhalbjahr 2008/2009 erklärt sich so auch daraus, dass die Produktion nahezu überall auf der Welt gleichzeitig auf Talfahrt war. Unter den Industrieländern waren von dieser Entwicklung Japan und Deutschland, deren Wirtschaften eine hohe Exportabhängigkeit aufweisen, besonders stark betroffen.
Deutliche Hinweise auf ein Ende des Einbruchs sind bislang noch nicht erkennbar, auch wenn einige Indikatoren darauf hindeuten, dass Produktion und Nachfrage in den kommenden Monaten langsamer abnehmen werden. Nach Ansicht der Institute wird die Abwärtsbewegung wohl erst im Winterhalbjahr 2009/ 2010 auslaufen. Die sich anschließende konjunkturelle Belebung dürfte zunächst nur wenig Dynamik entfalten. Ein Kernproblem bleibt die anhaltende Verunsicherung an den Finanzmärkten, die vor allem auf Sorgen bezüglich der Solvenz einzelner Banken beruht und den Geldfluss zwischen den Wirtschaftsakteuren spürbar verlangsamt hat. In der Prognose ist unterstellt, dass die Situation an den Finanzmärkten vorerst labil bleibt, es aber nicht zu einer neuerlichen dramatischen Verschärfung der Lage kommt. In wichtigen Ländern kommt eine Depression am Immobilienmarkt hinzu, deren Ende noch nicht absehbar ist und die den Abschreibungsbedarf der Banken erhöht. Erfahrungsgemäß sind Rezessionen, die mit Immobilien- und Bankenkrisen einhergehen, tiefer und vor allem schwerer zu überwinden als Rezessionen, in denen solche Probleme nicht prominent sind.
Artikel Lesen
Spannungen im Euroraum unter dem Druck der Weltfinanzkrise
Diemo Dietrich, Axel Lindner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Themenheft Weltfinanzkrise -
2009
Abstract
Die Weltfinanzkrise hat auf den Kapitalmärkten weltweit eine „Flucht in die Qualität“ ausgelöst: Die Anleger sind nur bereit, risikoreichere Vermögenstitel zu halten, wenn sie dafür mit erheblich gestiegenen Risikoprämien entschädigt werden. Davon sind Emittenten wie Banken und nicht finanzielle Unternehmen, aber auch Staaten, die in der Vergangenheit noch als besonders sicher galten, betroffen. Besonders ins Auge springt der Anstieg der Renditedifferenzen von Staatstiteln unterschiedlicher Mitgliedsstaaten des Euroraums. Dabei lassen sich vier Phasen unterscheiden: Seit dem Sommer 2007 nahmen die Risikoprämien bis zum Jahreswechsel 2007/08 nur wenig zu. Anschließend beschleunigte sich deren Ansteigen, bis nach der Rettung von Bear Stearns Ende März 2008 vorübergehend verhaltener Optimismus in Bezug auf die Schwere der Weltfinanzkrise aufkam. Ab Herbst 2008 und insbesondere seit dem Fall der Investmentbank Lehman Brothers zogen die Risikoprämien dann in zum Teil dramatischem Tempo wieder an. Besonders stark nahmen die Aufschläge für irische und griechische Staatsanleihen zu. Deren Renditen liegen, entgegen dem allgemeinen Trend, gegenwärtig höher als zu Beginn der Weltfinanzkrise im Sommer 2007.
Artikel Lesen
Stages of the 2007/2008 Global Financial Crisis: Is there a Wandering Asset Price Bubble?
Lucjan T. Orlowski
Economics E-Journal 43. Munich Personal RePEc Archive 2008,
2009
Abstract
This study identifies five distinctive stages of the current global financial crisis: the meltdown of the subprime mortgage market; spillovers into broader credit market; the liquidity crisis epitomized by the fallout of Northern Rock, Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers with counterparty risk effects on other financial institutions; the commodity price bubble, and the ultimate demise of investment banking in the U.S. The study argues that the severity of the crisis is influenced strongly by changeable allocations of global savings coupled with excessive credit creation, which lead to over-pricing of varied types of assets. The study calls such process a “wandering asset-price bubble“. Unstable allocations elevate market, credit, and liquidity risks. Monetary policy responses aimed at stabilizing financial markets are proposed.
Artikel Lesen
Bank Lending, Bank Capital Regulation and Efficiency of Corporate Foreign Investment
Diemo Dietrich, Achim Hauck
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 4,
2007
Abstract
In this paper we study interdependencies between corporate foreign investment and the capital structure of banks. By committing to invest predominantly at home, firms can reduce the credit default risk of their lending banks. Therefore, banks can refinance loans to a larger extent through deposits thereby reducing firms’ effective financing costs. Firms thus have an incentive to allocate resources inefficiently as they then save on financing costs. We argue that imposing minimum capital adequacy for banks can eliminate this incentive by putting a lower bound on financing costs. However, the Basel II framework is shown to miss this potential.
Artikel Lesen
Clustering or Competition? The Foreign Investment Behavior of German Banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
International Journal of Central Banking,
2006
Abstract
Banks often concentrate their foreign direct investment (FDI) in certain countries. This clustering of activities could reflect either the attractiveness of a particular country or agglomeration effects. To find out which of the two phenomena dominates, we need to control for country-specific factors. We use new bank-level data on German banks’ FDI for the 1996-2003 period.We test whether the presence of other banks has a positive impact on the entry of new banks. Once we control for the attractiveness of a country through fixed effects, the negative impact of competition dominates. Hence, pure clustering effects are rather unimportant.
Artikel Lesen
Investment and Internal Finance: Asymmetric Information or Managerial Discretion?
Hans Degryse, Abe de Jong
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
Nr. 1,
2006
Abstract
This paper examines the investment-cash flow sensitivity of publicly listed firms in The Netherlands. Investment-cash flow sensitivities can be attributed to overinvestment resulting from the abuse of managerial discretion, but also to underinvestment due to information problems. The Dutch corporate governance structure presents a number of distinctive features, in particular the limited influence of shareholders, the presence of large blockholders, and the importance of bank ties. We expect that in The Netherlands, the managerial discretion problem is more important than the asymmetric information problem. We use Tobin's Q to discriminate between firms with these problems, where LOW Q firms face the managerial discretion problem and HIGH Q firms the asymmetric information problem. As hypothesized, we find substantially larger investment-cash flow sensitivity for LOW Q firms. Moreover, specifically in the LOW Q sample, we find that firms with higher (bank) debt have lower investment-cash flow sensitivity. This finding shows that leverage, and particularly bank debt, is a key disciplinary mechanism which reduces the managerial discretion problem.
Artikel Lesen
The Potentials for Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investement in Central and East Europe - Results of a Field Study
Judit Hamar, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment plays a particularly crucial role for the processes of technological catch-up in Central East Europe. Whilst most countries of this region have received considerable direct investments, the composition of kinds of subsidiaries is different between countries and hence will the prospects for intense technology transfer also differ between countries. This contribution aims to compare the potentials for internal and external technology transfer across countries of Central East Europe by analysing the management-relationship between subsidiaries and their parents and the market-relationships between subsidiaries and their host economy. For this, a firm-level database of some 458 subsidiaries in Estonia, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia is analysed empirically.
Artikel Lesen
Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe: Theory, Method of Research and Empirical Evidence
Johannes Stephan
Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe: Theory, Method of Research and Empirical Evidence,
2005
Abstract
Foreign subsidiaries of multinational companies are suggested as one of the main channels of technology transfer to less developed economies. In Central East Europe their presence proved to be a decisive factor to economic restructuring and development. This volume is a unique guide to theory, method of research, and empirical evidence, for technology transfer via foreign subsidiaries of multinational companies. It combines the merits of a core text on technology transfer via FDI with up-to-date empirical evidence.
Artikel Lesen
Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
Nr. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
Artikel Lesen
Technological capability of foreign and West German investors in East Germany
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 189,
2004
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role for countries or regions in the process of economic catching-up since it is assumed – among other things – that FDI brings in new production technology and knowledge. This paper gives an overview about the development of FDI in East Germany based on official data provided by the Federal Bank of Germany. The investigation also includes a comparison of FDI in East Germany to Central East European countries. But the main focus of the paper is an analysis of the technological capability comparing majority foreign and West German owned firms to majority East German owned firms. It shows that foreign and West German subsidiaries in East Germany are indeed characterized by superior technological capability with respect to all indicators looked at (product innovation, research & development, organizational changes etc.).
Artikel Lesen
