The Efficiency of Local Public-service Production: The Effect of Political Institutions
Peter Bönisch, Peter Haug
FinanzArchiv,
Nr. 2,
2018
Abstract
Reforms replacing municipal cooperations by centralized municipalities often aim at increasing municipal efficiency. Empirical evidence supporting this aim, however, is ambiguous. Our paper analyzes the effect of institutions on municipal efficiency. In particular, we distinguish two archetypal institutional settings, a centralized and a confederal one, and argue that bureaucrats in a centralized setting are able to increase the fiscal residual. Our empirical test case is the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt. We test the effect of the institutional setup using the bootstrap approach suggested by Simar and Wilson (2007), concluding that a decentralized institutional setting improves the efficiency of municipal production.
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Tail-risk Protection Trading Strategies
Natalie Packham, Jochen Papenbrock, Peter Schwendner, Fabian Wöbbeking
Quantitative Finance,
Nr. 5,
2017
Abstract
Starting from well-known empirical stylized facts of financial time series, we develop dynamic portfolio protection trading strategies based on econometric methods. As a criterion for riskiness, we consider the evolution of the value-at-risk spread from a GARCH model with normal innovations relative to a GARCH model with generalized innovations. These generalized innovations may for example follow a Student t, a generalized hyperbolic, an alpha-stable or a Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Our results indicate that the GPD distribution provides the strongest signals for avoiding tail risks. This is not surprising as the GPD distribution arises as a limit of tail behaviour in extreme value theory and therefore is especially suited to deal with tail risks. Out-of-sample backtests on 11 years of DAX futures data, indicate that the dynamic tail-risk protection strategy effectively reduces the tail risk while outperforming traditional portfolio protection strategies. The results are further validated by calculating the statistical significance of the results obtained using bootstrap methods. A number of robustness tests including application to other assets further underline the effectiveness of the strategy. Finally, by empirically testing for second-order stochastic dominance, we find that risk averse investors would be willing to pay a positive premium to move from a static buy-and-hold investment in the DAX future to the tail-risk protection strategy.
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Predicting Financial Crises: The (Statistical) Significance of the Signals Approach
Makram El-Shagi, Tobias Knedlik, Gregor von Schweinitz
Journal of International Money and Finance,
Nr. 35,
2013
Abstract
The signals approach as an early-warning system has been fairly successful in detecting crises, but it has so far failed to gain popularity in the scientific community because it cannot distinguish between randomly achieved in-sample fit and true predictive power. To overcome this obstacle, we test the null hypothesis of no correlation between indicators and crisis probability in three applications of the signals approach to different crisis types. To that end, we propose bootstraps specifically tailored to the characteristics of the respective datasets. We find (1) that previous applications of the signals approach yield economically meaningful results; (2) that composite indicators aggregating information contained in individual indicators add value to the signals approach; and (3) that indicators which are found to be significant in-sample usually perform similarly well out-of-sample.
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Predicting Financial Crises: The (Statistical) Significance of the Signals Approach
Makram El-Shagi, Tobias Knedlik, Gregor von Schweinitz
Abstract
The signals approach as an early warning system has been fairly successful in detecting crises, but it has so far failed to gain popularity in the scientific community because it does not distinguish between randomly achieved in-sample fit and true predictive power. To overcome this obstacle, we test the null hypothesis of no correlation between indicators and crisis probability in three applications of the signals approach to different crisis types. To that end, we propose bootstraps specifically tailored to the characteristics of the respective datasets. We find (1) that previous applications of the signals approach yield economically meaningful and statistically significant results and (2) that composite
indicators aggregating information contained in individual indicators add value to the signals approach, even where most individual indicators are not statistically significant on their own.
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Municipality Size and Efficiency of Local Public Services: Does Size Matter?
Peter Bönisch, Peter Haug, Annette Illy, L. Schreier
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 18,
2011
publiziert in: FinanzArchiv
Abstract
Similarly to western Germany in the 1960s and 1970s, the eastern part of Germany has experienced a still ongoing process of numerous amalgamations among counties, towns and municipalities since the mid-1990s. The evidence in the economic literature is mixed with regard to the claimed expenditure reductions and efficiency gains from municipal mergers. We therefore analyze the global efficiency of the municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt, for the first time in this context, using a double-bootstrap procedure combining DEA and truncated regression. This allows including environmental variables to control for exogenous determinants of municipal efficiency. Our focus thereby is on institutional and fiscal variables. Moreover, the scale efficiency is estimated to find out whether large units are necessary to benefit from scale economies. In contrast to previous studies, we chose the aggregate budget of municipal associations (“Verwaltungsgemeinschaften”) as the object of our analysis since important competences of the member municipalities are settled on a joint administrative level. Furthermore, we use a data set that has been carefully adjusted for bookkeeping items and transfers within the communal level. On the “eve” of a mayor municipal reform the majority of the municipalities were found to have an approximately scale-efficient size and centralized organizational forms (“Einheitsgemeinden”) showed no efficiency advantage over municipal associations.
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Größe ist nicht alles – Die Effizienz der kommunalen Leistungserstellung am Beispiel Sachsen-Anhalts
Peter Haug, Annette Illy
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 10,
2011
Abstract
Befürworter von Gemeindegebietsreformen – wie z.B. der erst kürzlich beendeten Reform in Sachsen-Anhalt – erwarten von Gemeindezusammenlegungen und zentralisierten Verwaltungsformen (Einheitsgemeinde statt Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) Kosteneinsparungen bzw. Effizienzsteigerungen bei der kommunalen Leistungserstellung. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die möglichen Effizienznachteile kleinteiliger Gemeindestrukturen am Beispiel
Sachsen-Anhalts zum Zeitpunkt vor der entscheidenden Phase der Gemeindegebietsreform. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dezentrale Verwaltungsformen keinen signifikanten Effizienznachteil gegenüber Einheitsgemeinden aufweisen müssen. Ferner deuten die Analysen zur Skaleneffizienz darauf hin, dass die Mehrheit der sachsen-anhaltischen Gemeinden – wenn die aggregierte Ebene der Verwaltungsgemeinschaften
betrachtet wird – eine weitgehend effiziente „Betriebsgröße“ hatte, wobei der Zusammenhang zwischen Einwohnerzahl und Skaleneffizienz u-förmig verläuft. Einerseits stützt die Untersuchung daher nicht den Erhalt von Kleinstgemeinden oder die Bildung von Verwaltungsgemeinschaften mit zweistelligen Mitgliedsgemeindezahlen. Andererseits liefern die Ergebnisse – selbst unter Berücksichtigung des sich abzeichnenden Bevölkerungsrückgangs – aber auch keinen Beleg für die Notwendigkeit der Reduzierung der Anzahl der Städte und Gemeinden in Sachsen-Anhalt von 1 118 im Jahr 2004 auf aktuell 219.
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Exploring the International Linkages of the Euro Area: A Global VAR Analysis
Stéphane Dées, Filippo di Mauro, M. Hashem Pesaran, Vanessa Smith
Journal of Applied Econometrics,
Nr. 1,
2007
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents a quarterly global model combining individual country vector error-correcting models in which the domestic variables are related to the country-specific foreign variables. The global VAR (GVAR) model is estimated for 26 countries, the euro area being treated as a single economy, over the period 1979?2003. It advances research in this area in a number of directions. In particular, it provides a theoretical framework where the GVAR is derived as an approximation to a global unobserved common factor model. Using average pair-wise cross-section error correlations, the GVAR approach is shown to be quite effective in dealing with the common factor interdependencies and international co-movements of business cycles. It develops a sieve bootstrap procedure for simulation of the GVAR as a whole, which is then used in testing the structural stability of the parameters, and for establishing bootstrap confidence bounds for the impulse responses. Finally, in addition to generalized impulse responses, the current paper considers the use of the GVAR for ?structural? impulse response analysis with focus on external shocks for the euro area economy, particularly in response to shocks to the US.
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