Analysis of statements made in favour of and against the adoption of competition law in developing and transition economies
Johannes Stephan, Franz Kronthaler, Frank Emmert
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 9,
2005
Abstract
The paper is concerned with documenting and assessing statements made by policymakers, opinion formers, and other stakeholders in favour and against the adoption of competition laws with particular reference to transition and developing countries which have not yet enacted these kind of laws. For example, claims that competition enforcement might reduce the inflow of foreign direct investment, or that other policies are successfully used as substitutes for competition law, are assessed. In a first step, the method of generalized analysis structures the list of statements around core issues of common features to make them accessible to further interpretation and assessment. The paper shows that some claims are in fact country or region specific, and specific to the development level of the respective countries. In a second step, the core issues are assessed according to economic and legal criteria. Since the analysis focuses on transition and developing countries, the criteria for economic assessment are predominantly economic growth and development issues, but also include the economic coherency of a set of claims submitted by stakeholders in a given country. The criteria for legal assessment include whether claims are problematic in light of WTO-principles, or are even born out of a political objective which is incompatible with the spirit, if not the letter of WTO-rules.
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Investment of foreign companies significantly higher in East Germany than in Central Eastern Europe
Jutta Günther
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
Wenn es darum geht, das Engagement ausländischer Unternehmen in einem Land zu beschreiben, sind ausländische Direktinvestitionen (ADI) eine vielzitierte Größe. Als Teil der Zahlungsbilanzstatistik spiegeln ADI allerdings „nur“ internationale Kapitalströme wider. Sie sagen nichts darüber aus, ob und inwiefern das Kapital im Empfängerland der Sachkapitalbildung dient. Will man den Beitrag der auswärtigen Unternehmen zur Sachkapitalbildung abbilden, ist die Betrachtung einer ganz andere Größe aufschlussreicher: die Anlageinvestitionen der Unternehmen mit ausländischer Kapitalbeteiligung. Um Ostdeutschland diesbezüglich adäquat mit den mittelosteuropäischen Ländern vergleichen zu können, müssen für die neuen Länder sowohl die ausländischen als auch die westdeutschen Investoren im Sinne auswärtiger Unternehmen Berücksichtigung finden. Die erstmals für diesen speziellen Vergleich ermittelten Daten zeigen, dass im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands die Anlageinvestitionen auswärtiger Unternehmen deutlich über denen in Polen, Tschechien und Ungarn liegen. Dies gilt sowohl für die absoluten Werte als auch für die Anlageinvestitionen pro Kopf, welche im Jahr 2001 in Ostdeutschland 351 Euro, in Ungarn 225 Euro, in Tschechien 194 Euro und in Polen 85 Euro betrugen. Betrachtet man die Anlageinvestitionen auswärtiger Unternehmen je Beschäftigten des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes, werden die Unterschiede aufgrund der in Ostdeutschland wesentlich höheren Kapitalintensität noch deutlicher.
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Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
No. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
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The Absence of Technology Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in Transition Economies
Jutta Günther
Structural Change and Exchange Rate Dynamics,
2005
Abstract
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Foreign Direct Investment as a Source of Technology-Spillovers in Central East European Candidate-Countries
Jutta Günther
Erweiterung und Integration der EU. Forschungen zur Europäischen Integration, Band 9,
2004
Abstract
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Technology spillovers from external investors in East Germany: no overall effects in favor of domestic firms
Harald Lehmann, Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 198,
2004
Abstract
The study deals with the question whether external (foreign and West German) investors in East Germany induce technological spillover effects in favor of domestic firms. It ties in with a number of other econometric spillover studies, especially for transition economies, which show rather mixed and inconclusive results so far. Different from existing spillover analyses, this study allows for a much deeper regional breakdown up to Raumordnungsregionen and uses a branch classification that explicitly considers intermediate and investment good linkages. The regression results show no positive correlation between the presence of external investors and domestic firms’ productivity, no matter which regional breakdown is looked at (East Germany as a whole, federal states, or Raumordnungsregionen). Technology spillovers which may exist in particular cases are obviously not strong enough to increase the domestic firms’ overall productivity.
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EU enlargement to the East: Effects on direct investments and trade
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2004
Abstract
Die EU-Osterweiterung, verstanden als ein längerfristiger Prozess verstärkter Integration der Beitrittsländer in die EU, hat zu einer bereits heute intensiven Verflechtung der beteiligten Volkswirtschaften geführt. Dabei hat sich eine Arbeitsteilung herausgebildet, bei der die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder wegen ihrer Arbeitskostenvorteile von deutschen Unternehmen als Standort für arbeitsintensive Teile der Wertschöpfungskette genutzt werden. Während wenig dafür spricht, dass es künftig zu weiteren massiven Standortverlagerungen deutscher Unternehmen in die Beitrittsländer kommt, ist im Außenhandel eine weitere Intensivierung der Handelsbeziehungen wahrscheinlich.
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Exporting Financial Institutions Management via Foreign Direct Investment Mergers and Acquisitions
Allen N. Berger, Claudia M. Buch, G. DeLong
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
We test the relevance of the new trade theory and the traditional theory of comparative advantage for explaining the geographic patterns of international M&As of financial institutions between 1985 and 2000. The data provide statistically significant support for both theories. We also find evidence that the U.S. has idiosyncratic comparative advantages at both exporting and importing financial institutions management.
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Technological capability of foreign and West German investors in East Germany
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 189,
2004
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role for countries or regions in the process of economic catching-up since it is assumed – among other things – that FDI brings in new production technology and knowledge. This paper gives an overview about the development of FDI in East Germany based on official data provided by the Federal Bank of Germany. The investigation also includes a comparison of FDI in East Germany to Central East European countries. But the main focus of the paper is an analysis of the technological capability comparing majority foreign and West German owned firms to majority East German owned firms. It shows that foreign and West German subsidiaries in East Germany are indeed characterized by superior technological capability with respect to all indicators looked at (product innovation, research & development, organizational changes etc.).
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Technology spillovers through foreign direct investment. An empirical investigation on the example of Hungarian industry
Jutta Günther
Schriften des IWH,
No. 14,
2003
Abstract
Mit dem Beginn der Transformation in den Ländern Mittelosteuropas nahmen auch die ausländischen Direktinvestitionen rapide zu, wobei die ausländischen Tochtergesellschaften sowohl moderne Produktionstechnik als auch Management-Know-how transferieren. Es stellt sich jedoch immer wieder die Frage, ob und inwiefern auch die einheimischen Unternehmen über Technologie-Spillovers von diesen Entwicklungen profitieren. Die Studie zeigt, über welche Kanäle Technologie-Spillovers theoretisch möglich sind und untersucht dann im Rahmen einer empirischen Feldstudie die Bedeutung und Reichweite sowie die Einflussfaktoren der verschiedenen Spillover-Mechanismen am Beispiel der ungarischen Industrie. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Spillovereffekte in der ungarischen Industrie bisher kaum zustande kamen. Gründe dafür sind insbesondere die erheblichen technologischen Disparitäten zwischen ausländischen Tochtergesellschaften und einheimischen Unternehmen und die sehr niedrige Arbeitskräftemobilität von ausländischen zu einheimischen Firmen.
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