Is East Germany Catching Up? A Time Series Perspective
Bernd Aumann, Rolf Scheufele
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 14,
2009
Abstract
This paper assesses whether the economy of East Germany is catching up with the
West German region in terms of welfare. While the primary measure for convergence and catching up is per capita output, we also look at other macroeconomic indicators such as unemployment rates, wage rates, and production levels in the manufacturingsector. In contrast to existing studies of convergence between regions of reunified Germany, our approach is purely based upon the time series dimension and is thus directly focused on the catching up process in East Germany as a region. Our testing setup includes standard ADF unit root tests as well as unit root tests that endogenously allow for a break in the deterministic component of the process. In our analysis, we find evidence of catching up for East Germany for most of the indicators. However, convergence speed is slow, and thus it can be expected that the catching up process will take further decades until the regional gap is closed.
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Currency Appreciation and Exports: Empirical Evidence for Germany
Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2009
Abstract
Trotz anfänglicher Skepsis hat sich der Euro in den ersten zehn Jahren nach seiner Einführung an den Devisenmärkten behauptet und gegenüber wichtigen Fremdwährungen deutlich an Wert gewonnen. Obgleich ein Großteil des Außenhandels der EWU-Mitgliedstaaten seit der Euro-Einführung keinem Wechselkursrisiko mehr unterliegt, birgt ein starker Euro für exportorientierte Länder wie Deutschland dennoch Gefahren.
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen von Wechselkursveränderungen auf die deutschen Exporte im Zeitverlauf. Die Analysen bestätigen, dass insbesondere die nominalen Wechselkurse an Einfluss verloren haben. Allerdings gilt dies nicht nur in Bezug auf den Gesamtexport, der allein durch die Verwirklichung der Währungsunion weniger anfällig gegenüber Wechselkursschwankungen geworden sein dürfte, sondern auch für die Warenlieferungen in Länder außerhalb des Euroraums. Ein zunehmender Ausgleich nominaler Wechselkursveränderungen durch Preisanpassungen findet zwar statt, kann aber sicherlich nicht als alleiniger Erklärungsansatz für die schwindende Wechselkursreagibilität der Ausfuhren dienen, sodass weitere Faktoren in Betracht zu ziehen sind.
So zeigt sich etwa, dass die Exporte auch auf Veränderungen der realen Wechselkurse und damit der internationalen Preisrelationen immer weniger reagieren. Stattdessen werden die Ausfuhren zunehmend durch die konjunkturelle Entwicklung in den Handelspartnerländern determiniert. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte Deutschland aufgrund seiner geographischen Lage sicherlich stärker als andere Länder von der kräftigen Nachfrageausweitung der mittel- und osteuropäischen Staaten profitieren, die die Euro-Aufwertung überlagert hat. Zudem haben die Kursgewinne des Euro den deutschen Exportgüterproduzenten auch wegen des auf Investitions- und qualitativ hochwertige Industriegüter ausgerichteten Warenangebots kaum geschadet.
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Keeping the Bubble Alive! The Effects of Urban Renewal and Demolition Subsidies in the East German Housing Market
Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2009
Abstract
German urban renewal programs are favoring the cities in the Eastern part since the re-unification in 1990. This was accompanied additionally by attractive tax incentives, designed as an accelerated declining balance method of depreciation for housing investments during the late 1990s. The accumulated needs for comfortable housing after 40 years of a disastrous housing policy of the GDR era were generally accepted as justification for the subvention policy. But various subsidies and tax incentives caused a construction boom, false allocations, and a price bubble in Eastern Germany. After recognizing that the expansion of housing supply was not in line with the demographic development and that high vacancy rates were jeopardizing housing companies and their financial backers, policy changed in 2001. Up to now, the government provides demolition grants to reduce the vast oversupply. By means of a real option approach, it is ex-plained how different available forms of subsidies and economic incentives for landlords lift real estate values. The option value representing growth expectations and opportunities is calculated as an observable market value less an estimated fundamental value. Empirical results disclose higher option premiums for cities in Eastern Germany and a strong correlation of the option premium with urban renewal spending.
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Competition between Financial Markets in Europe: What can be Expected from MiFID?
Hans Degryse
Financial Markets and Portfolio Management,
No. 1,
2009
Abstract
The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) could be the foundation of new trading platforms in Europe. This contribution employs insights from the theoretical and empirical literature to highlight some of the possible implications of MiFID. In particular, we argue that more competition will lead to more liquid markets, reflected in lower bid–ask spreads and greater depth. It will also lead to innovation in incumbent markets and stimulate the design of new trading platforms. MiFID has already introduced more competition, as evidenced by the startup of Instinet Chi-X, the announcement of new initiatives, including Project Turquoise and BATS, and the reactions of incumbent exchanges.
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The Exchange Rate of the Euro Cannot be Explained Fundamentally even Ten Years after the Introduction of the New Currency
Tobias Knedlik
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2009
Abstract
Am 01.01.2009 feiert der Euro seinen zehnten Geburtstag. Mit der Einführung der Gemeinschaftswährung verlor der Fremdwährungsaußenhandel in Europa an Bedeutung. Dennoch stellt der Außenhandel mit Ländern außerhalb der Eurozone weiterhin einen wichtigen Teil der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität dar und beläuft sich auf über ein Viertel des deutschen Bruttoinlandprodukts. Deshalb bleibt der Außenwert des Euro von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die deutsche Wirtschaft. Der Verlauf der Wechselkursentwicklung zeigt eine Phase der Abwertung des Euro, die unmittelbar nach Einführung der neuen Währung einsetzte und ihren Tiefpunkt Ende 2000 erreichte. Seit dieser Zeit wertet der Euro, abgesehen von einer Delle im Jahr 2005, nahezu stetig auf. Erst die aktuelle Finanzkrise stoppte seinen Aufwärtstrend.
In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, ob die Schwankungen des Euro-Wechselkurses durch zwei zentrale theoretische Konzepte zur Wechselkursbestimmung erklärt werden können. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass weder die Gültigkeit der Kaufkraftparitätentheorie noch die Gültigkeit der Zinsparitätentheorie für den Euroraum bestätigt werden kann. Für die Prognosetätigkeit lässt sich daraus schlussfolgern, dass die Verwendung von Zufallsprozessen für die Beschreibung des Wechselkursverlaufs gerechtfertigt ist. Bezüglich der Währungspolitik bliebe zu fragen, welche Alternativen zum ungesteuerten Wechselkurs möglich wären, um der Bedeutung des Wechselkurses für die Geldpolitik gerecht zu werden.
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Will Oil Prices Decline Over the Long Run?
Filippo di Mauro, Robert K. Kaufmann, Pavlos Karadeloglou
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
No. 98,
2008
Abstract
At present, oil markets appear to be behaving in a fashion similar to that in the late 1970s and early 1980s when oil prices rose sharply over an extended period. Furthermore, like at that time, analysts are split on whether such increases will persist or reverse, and if so by how much. The present paper argues that the similarities between the two episodes are not as strong as they might appear at first sight, and that the likelihood of sharp reversals in prices is not particularly great. There are a number of reasons in support of the view that it is unlikely that the first two decades of this century will mimic the last two decades of the previous century. First, oil demand is likely to grow significantly in line with strong economic growth in non-OECD countries. Second, on the supply side, OPEC is likely to enhance its control over markets over the next two decades, as supply increases in newly opened areas will only partially offset declining rates of production in other geologically mature non-OPEC oil regions. Moreover, while concerns about climate change will spur global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, these efforts are not expected to reduce oil demand. Finally, although there is much talk about alternative fuels, few of these are economically viable at the prices currently envisioned, and given the structural impediments, there is a reduced likelihood that the market will be able to generate sufficient quantities of these alternative fuels over the forecast horizon. The above factors imply that oil prices are likely to continue to exceed the USD 70 to USD 90 range over the long term.
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Exchange Rates and FDI: Goods versus Capital Market Frictions
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert
World Economy,
forthcoming
Abstract
Changes in exchange rates affect countries through their impact on cross-border activities such as trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). With increasing activities of multinational firms, the FDI channel is likely to gain in importance. Economic theory provides two main explanations why changes in exchange rates can affect FDI. According to the first explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if there are information frictions on capital markets and if investment depends on firms’ net worth (capital market friction hypothesis). According to the second explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if output and factor markets are segmented, and if firm-specific assets are important (goods market friction hypothesis). We provide a unified theoretical framework of these two explanations. We analyse the implications of the model empirically using a dataset based on detailed German firm-level data. We find greater support for the goods market than for the capital market friction hypothesis.
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The Changing Role of the Exchange Rate in a Globalised Economy
Irina Bunda, Filippo di Mauro, Rasmus Rüffer
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
No. 94,
2008
Abstract
In addition to its direct effects on the global trading and production structure, the ongoing process of globalisation may have important implications for the interaction of exchange rates and the overall economy. This paper presents evidence regarding possible changes in the role of exchange rates in a more globalised economy. First, it analyses the link between exchange rates and prices, showing that there is at most a moderate decline in exchange rate pass-through for the euro area. Next, it turns to the effect of exchange rate changes on trade flows. The findings indicate that the responsiveness of euro area exports to exchange rate changes may have declined somewhat as a result of globalisation, reflecting mainly shifts in the geographical and sectoral composition of trade flows. The paper also provides a firm-level analysis of the impact of exchange rate changes on corporate profits, which suggests that overall this relationship appears to be relatively stable over time, although there are important cross-country differences. In addition, it studies the overall impact of exchange rates on GDP and the potential role of valuation effects as a transmission channel in the case of the euro area. JEL Classification: E3, F15, F31
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Systematic Mispricing in European Equity Prices?
Marian Berneburg
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
One empirical argument that has been around for some time and that clearly contra- dicts equity market efficiency is that market prices seem too volatile to be optimal estimates of the present value of future discounted cash flows. Based on this, it is deduced that systematic pricing errors occur in equity markets which hence can not be efficient in the Effcient Market Hypothesis sense. The paper tries to show that this so-called excess volatility is to a large extend the result of the underlying assumptions, which are being employed to estimate the present value of cash flows. Using monthly data for three investment style indices from an integrated European Equity market, all usual assumptions are dropped. This is achieved by employing the Gordon Growth Model and using an estimation process for the dividend growth rate that was suggested by Barsky and De Long. In extension to Barsky and De Long, the discount rate is not assumed at some arbitrary level, but it is estimated from the data. In this manner, the empirical results do not rely on the prerequisites of sta- tionary dividends, constant dividend growth rates as well as non-variable discount rates. It is shown that indeed volatility declines considerably, but is not eliminated. Furthermore, it can be seen that the resulting discount factors for the three in- vestment style indices can not be considered equal, which, on a risk-adjusted basis, indicates performance differences in the investment strategies and hence stands in contradiction to an efficient market. Finally, the estimated discount rates under- went a plausibility check, by comparing their general movement to a market based interest rate. Besides the most recent data, the estimated discount rates match the movements of market interest rates fairly well.
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Are Botswana and Mozambique ready for CMA enlargement?
Tobias Knedlik
Botswana Journal of Economics,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
The paper elaborates on the appropriateness of a potentially enlarged Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa including Botswana and Mozambique. The theory of optimum currency areas including some extensions by accounting for costs of non-integration and considering the external relations of currency areas are presented. Various indicators such as the structure of the economies, interest rates, inflation rates, exchange rates, factor mobility and trading partners are observed empirically. The paper concludes that current changes in the exchange rate policy of Botswana are expected to lead to increasing, though already high, convergence with CMA countries. Botswana is therefore an appropriate candidate for CMA enlargement. Mozambique is converging towards South Africa but still remains on a lower level. Taking into account the costs of non-integration, however, the target of integration should be formulated for the medium term.
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