Editorial
Jutta Günther
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2012
Abstract
Der Strukturwandel ist ein permanenter Begleiter der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, getrieben vom technischen Fortschritt und von Innovation. In hochindustrialisierten Ländern wie Deutschland liegt in der Innovationsfähigkeit der Unternehmen ein wesentlicher internationaler Wettbewerbsvorteil. Deutschland ist ein durchaus erfindungsreiches Land, was durch die im internationalen Vergleich hohe Anzahl von Patenten belegt wird. Ein Patent wird jedoch erst durch ein am Markt eingeführtes Produkt oder Verfahren zur Innovation. Und eine Innovation wird erst durch die Akzeptanz beim Kunden zum wirklichen Erfolg. Zwischen der Idee des Erfinders und eben diesem Markterfolg können lange Zeiträume liegen, und viele kluge Köpfe mit ganz unterschiedlichen Kompetenzen und Talenten sind gefragt.
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Technological Intensity of Government Demand and Innovation
Viktor Slavtchev, Simon Wiederhold
Abstract
Governments purchase everything from airplanes to zucchini. This paper investigates whether the technological intensity of government demand affects corporate R&D activities. In a quality-ladder model of endogenous growth, we show that an increase in the share of government purchases in high-tech industries increases the rewards for innovation, and stimulates private-sector R&D at the aggregate level. We test this prediction using administrative data on federal procurement performed in US states. Both panel fixed effects and instrumental variable estimations provide results in line with the model. Our findings bring public procurement within the realm of the innovation policy debate.
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Determinants of Evolutionary Change Processes in Innovation Networks – Empirical Evidence from the German Laser Industry
Muhamed Kudic, Andreas Pyka, Jutta Günther
Abstract
We seek to understand the relationship between network change determinants, network change processes at the micro level and structural consequences at the overall network level. Our conceptual framework considers three groups of determinants – organizational, relational and contextual. Selected factors within these groups are assumed to cause network change processes at the micro level – tie formations and tie terminations – and to shape the structural network configuration at the overall network level. We apply a unique longitudinal event history dataset based on the full population of 233 German laser source manufacturers and 570 publicly-funded cooperation projects to answer the following research question: What kind of exogenous or endogenous determinants affect a firm’s propensity and timing to cooperate and enter the network? Estimation results from a non-parametric event history model indicate that young micro firms enter the network later than small-sized and large firms. An in-depth analysis of the size effects for medium-sized firms provides some unexpected yet quite interesting findings. The choice of cooperation type makes no significant difference for the firms’ timing to enter the network. Finally, the analysis of contextual determinants shows that cluster membership can, but do not necessarily, affect a firm’s timing to cooperate.
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Specialization versus Diversification: Perceived Benefits of Different Incubation Models
Michael Schwartz, Christoph Hornych
International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management,
No. 3,
2012
Abstract
Business incubator initiatives are a widespread policy instrument for the promotion of entrepreneurship, innovation and the development of new technology-based firms. Recently, there has been an increasing tendency for the more traditional diversified incubators to be superseded by incubators focusing their support elements, processes and selection criteria on firms from one specific sector, and its particular needs. Despite the increasing importance of such specialized incubators in regional innovation strategies, the question of whether they are advantageous has neither been investigated empirically nor discussed theoretically in detail. Drawing on large-scale survey data from 161 firms incubated in either diversified or specialized incubators in Germany, we investigate the benefits to firms of being part of a specialized business incubator as opposed to being part of a generalized business incubator. The investigation of the value-added contribution of specialized incubators, in particular regarding hardware components, business assistance, networking and reputation gains, reveals considerable differences compared to the more diversified incubation model.
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Climate Innovation - The Case of the Central German Chemical Industry
Wilfried Ehrenfeld
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
In this article, we describe the results of a multiple case study on the indirect corporate innovation impact of climate change in the Central German chemical industry. We investigate the demands imposed on enterprises in this context as well as the sources, outcomes and determining factors in the innovative process at the corporate level. We argue that climate change drives corporate innovations through various channels. A main finding is that rising energy prices were a key driver for incremental energy efficiency innovations in the enterprises’ production processes. For product innovation, customer requests were a main driver, though often these requests are not directly related to climate issues. The introduction or extension of environmental and energy management systems as well as the certification of these are the most common forms of organizational innovations. For marketing purposes, the topic of climate change was hardly utilized so far. As the most important determinants for corporate climate innovations, corporate structure and flexibility of the product portfolio, political asymmetry regarding environmental regulation and governmental funding were identified.
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Pre-announcement and Timing: The Effects of a Government Expenditure Shock
Alexander Kriwoluzky
European Economic Review,
No. 3,
2012
Abstract
An econometric strategy to identify a pre-announced fiscal policy shock is proposed. I show that the reduced form innovations can be recovered by estimating a Vector-moving-average model using the Kalman filter. The structural effects are identified exploiting the shock's pre-announced nature, which leads to potentially different signs of the responses of some endogenous variables during the announcement and after the realization of the shock. I illustrate my strategy by identifying a pre-announced shock to government consumption expenditures. I find that the response of private consumption is significantly negative on impact, rises and becomes significantly positive two quarters after the realization of the policy shock.
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What Drives Innovation Output from Subsidized R&D Cooperation? — Project-level Evidence from Germany
Michael Schwartz, Michael Fritsch, Jutta Günther, François Peglow
Technovation,
No. 6,
2012
Abstract
Using a large dataset of 406 subsidized R&D cooperation projects, we provide detailed insights into the relationship between project characteristics and innovation output. Patent applications and publications are used as measures for the innovation output of an R&D project. We find that large-firm involvement is strongly positively related with the number of patent applications, but not with the number of publications. Conversely, university involvement has positive effects on projects’ innovation output in terms of the number of publications but not in terms of patent applications. In general, projects’ funding as measure of projects’ size is an important predictor of the innovation output of R&D cooperation projects. No significant effects are found for the number of partners as (an alternative) measure of projects’ size, for spatial proximity between cooperation partners, for the involvement of a public institute for applied research, and for prior cooperation experiences. We derive conclusions for the design of R&D cooperation support schemes.
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Foreword: Competing: Important Stimuli for Knowledge Cities to Become Prosperous
Peter Franz
T. Yigitcanlar, K. Metaxiotis, J. Carrillo (eds), Building Prosperous Knowledge Cities. Policies, Plans and Metrics,
2012
Abstract
The author discusses the role of competitions in urban development strategies based on the cooperation of higher education institutions. The experience with similar strategies in regional policy and in innovation policy is reflected upon. After the presentation of some cases, the advantages and disadvantages of development strategies based on competitions are compared.
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5. Konferenz „Analysen und Politik für Ostdeutschland – aus der Forschung des IWH“ – ein Bericht
Gerhard Heimpold, Marie Ebert
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
Der Beitrag berichtet über den Inhalt der Tagung „Analysen und Politik für Ostdeutschland – aus der Forschung des IWH“ am 21. September 2011, die – wie bereits die vier Vorgängerveranstaltungen seit 2007 – ein wirtschaftspolitisches Fachpublikum mit neuen Forschungsergebnissen des IWH vertraut machte. Im ersten Teil der Tagung lag, beginnend mit dem Eröffnungsvortrag der Ministerin für Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt, Prof. Dr. Birgitta Wolff, der thematische Schwerpunkt bei Fragen der Innovationsförderung, des Technologietransfers und der Wissensflüsse. Diese Faktoren gelten – nicht nur in Ostdeutschland – als wichtig für die wirtschaftliche Konvergenz oder Divergenz von Regionen. Anschließend wurden auf der makroökonomischen Ebene Faktoren analysiert, die das Wirtschaftswachstum in Ostdeutschland beeinflussen. Es folgte ein Beitrag über die Effekte des Programms „Stadtumbau Ost“ für den Immobilienmarkt, bei dem Wirkungen von Abriss- und Aufwertungsmaßnahmen untersucht worden waren. Der abschließende Beitrag hatte die künftige Ausgestaltung der EU-Strukturpolitik zum Gegenstand, die bislang die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in den Neuen Ländern massiv unterstützt hat.
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