Zum Risiko einer Staatsschuldenkrise in Italien
Oliver Holtemöller, Tobias Knedlik, Axel Lindner
Abstract
Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung Italiens war in den vergangenen Jahren durch eine ausgesprochen schwache Produktivitätsentwicklung gekennzeichnet. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner beträgt nur 92% des Niveaus im Jahr 2007, während es im Euroraum insgesamt (inklusive Italien) bei 103% des Vorkrisenniveaus von 2007 liegt. Die Staatsschuldenquote ist im Zeitraum von 2007 bis 2017 von 100% in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 30 Prozentpunkte auf 130% gestiegen. Es bestehen daher Zweifel, ob die Wirtschaftskraft Italiens ausreichend ist, um die weiter steigenden Staatsschulden künftig bedienen zu können. Diese Zweifel kommen zum Beispiel in der gegenwärtig (August 2018) um gut 3 Prozentpunkte höheren Umlaufsrendite 10-jähriger italienischer Staatsanleihen im Vergleich zu deutschen Staatsanleihen zum Ausdruck.
Die Regierung Italiens will der Wirtschaft durch expansive Finanzpolitik wieder auf die Beine helfen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Tragfähigkeit der italienischen Staatsverschuldung für verschiedene Szenarien analysiert. Dabei gibt es je nach den getroffenen Annahmen zu wichtigen Wirkungszusammenhängen eine ganze Bandbreite von möglichen Entwicklungen, die aber allesamt eine deutlich expansive Finanzpolitik für Italien nicht ratsam erscheinen lassen, weil sie insgesamt nicht förderlich für die Stabilisierung der Staatsverschuldung wäre. Vielmehr sollten produktivitätssteigernde Strukturreformen umgesetzt werden, die dann auch moderat höhere Staatsausgaben erlauben würden.
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The Effect of the Single Currency on Exports: Comparative Firm-level Evidence
Tibor Lalinsky, Jaanika Meriküll
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
No. 1,
2019
Abstract
We investigate how adopting the euro affects exports using firm-level data from Slovakia and Estonia. In contrast to previous studies, we focus on countries that adopted the euro individually and had different exchange rate regimes prior to doing so. Following the New Trade Theory we consider three types of adjustment: firm selection, changes in product varieties and changes in the average value of the exports that compose the exports of individual firms. The euro effect is identified by a difference in differences analysis comparing exports by firms to the euro area countries with exports to the EU countries that are not members of the euro area. The results highlight the importance of the transaction costs channel related to exchange rate volatility. We find the euro has a strong pro-trade effect in Slovakia, which switched to the euro from a floating exchange rate, while it has almost no effect in Estonia, which had a fixed exchange rate to the euro prior to the euro changeover. Our findings indicate that the euro effect manifested itself mainly through the intensive margin and that the gains from trade were heterogeneous across firm characteristics.
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Wage Bargaining Regimes and Firms‘ Adjustments to the Great Recession
Filippo di Mauro, Maddalena Ronchi
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
No. 1,
2017
Abstract
The paper aims at investigating to what extent wage negotiation set-ups have shaped up firms’ response to the Great Recession, taking a firm-level cross-country perspective. We contribute to the literature by building a new micro-distributed database which merges data related to wage bargaining institutions (Wage Dynamic Network, WDN) with data on firm productivity and other relevant firm characteristics (CompNet). We use the database to study how firms reacted to the Great Recession in terms of variation in profits, wages, and employment. The paper shows that, in line with the theoretical predictions, centralized bargaining systems – as opposed to decentralized/firm level based ones – were accompanied by stronger downward wage rigidity, as well as cuts in employment and profits.
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Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea
Hyung-Gon Jeong, Gerhard Heimpold
H.-G. Jeong and G. Heimpold (eds.): Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea. Policy References 17-13. Sejong: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy,
2017
Abstract
The reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the Cold War in the 20th century, is regarded as one of the most exemplary cases of social integration in human history. Nearly three decades after the German reunification, the economic and social shocks that occurred at the beginning of the reunification process have largely been resolved. Moreover, the unified Germany has grown into one of the most advanced economies in the world.
The unification process that Germany underwent may not necessarily be the way that the Republic of Korea would choose. However, the economic and social exchanges between East and West Germany prior to unification, and the cooperation in a myriad of policies based on these exchanges, served as the crucial foundation for unification. The case of Germany will surely help us find a better way for the re-unification of the Korean Peninsula.
In this context, this is the first edition of a joint research which provides diverse insights on social and economic issues during the process of unification. It consists of nine chapters whose main topics include policies on macroeconomic stabilization, the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, labor policies and the migration of labor, integration of the social safety nets of the North and South, and securing finances for reunification. To start with, the first part covers macroeconomic stabilization measures, which include policies implemented by the federal government of Germany to overcome macroeconomic shocks directly after the reunification. There was a temporary setback in the economy at the initial phase of reunification as the investment per GDP went down and the level of fiscal debt escalated, reverting to its original trend prior to the reunification. While it appears the momentum for growth was compromised by reunification from the perspective of growth rate of real GDP, this state did not last long and benefits have outpaced the costs since 2000.
In the section which examines the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, an analysis was conducted on the modernization of industrial infrastructure of East German firms. There was a surge in investment in East German area at the beginning stages but this was focused on a specific group of firms. Most of the firms were privatized through unofficial channels, with a third of these conducted in a management buy-out (MBO) process that was highly effective. Further analysis of a firm called Jenoptik, which was successfully bailed out, is incorporated as to draw implications of its accomplishments.
In the section on migration, we examine how the gap between the unemployment rates in the West and East have narrowed as the population flow shifted from the West to East. Consequently, there was no significant deviation in terms of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita in each state of East Germany. However, as the labor market stabilized in East Germany and population flows have weakened, the deviation will become larger. Meanwhile, if we make a prediction about the movement of population between the North and the South, which show a remarkable difference in their economic circumstances, a radical reunification process such as Germany’s case would force 7% of the population of the North to move towards the South. Upon reunification, the estimated unemployment rate in North Korea would remain at least 30% for the time being. In order to reduce the initial unemployment rate, it is crucial to design a program that trains the unemployed and to build a system that predicts changes in labor demand.
It seems nearly impossible to apply the social safety nets of the South to the North, as there is a systemic difference in ideologies. Taking steps toward integration would be the most suitable option in the case of the Koreas. We propose to build a sound groundwork for stabilizing the interest rates and exchange rates, maintain stable fiscal policies, raise momentum for economic growth and make sure people understand the means required to financially support the North in order to reduce the gap between the two.
This book was jointly organized and edited by Dr. Hyung-gon Jeong of the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) and Dr. Gerhard Heimpold of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). We believe that this report, which examines numerous social and economic agendas that emerged during the reunification of Germany, will provide truly important reference for both Koreas. It is also our view that it will serve as a stepping-stone to establish policies in regard to South-North exchanges across numerous sectors prior to discussions of reunification. KIEP will continue to work with IWH and contribute its expertise to the establishment of grounds for unification policies.
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Spillovers of Asset Purchases Within the Real Sector: Win-Win or Joy and Sorrow?
Talina Sondershaus
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 22,
2019
Abstract
Events which have an adverse or positive effect on some firms can disseminate through the economy to firms which are not directly affected. By exploiting the first large sovereign bond purchase programme of the ECB, this paper investigates whether more lending to some firms spill over to firms in the surroundings of direct beneficiaries. Firms operating in the same industry and region invest less and reduce employment. The paper shows the importance to consider spillover effects when assessing unconventional monetary policies: Differences between treatment and control groups can be entirely attributed to negative effects on the control group.
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Competitive Distortions of Bank Bailouts
Michael Koetter, Felix Noth
Abstract
This study investigates if the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) distorted price competition in U.S. banking. Political indicators reveal bailout expectations after 2009, manifested as beliefs about the predicted probability of receiving equity support relative to failing during the TARP disbursement period. In addition, the TARP affected the competitive conduct of unsupported banks after the program stopped in the fourth quarter of 2009. Loan rates were higher, and the risk premium required by depositors was lower for banks with higher bailout expectations. The interest margins of unsupported banks increased in the immediate aftermath of the TARP disbursement but not after 2010. No effects emerged for loan or deposit growth, which suggests that protected banks did not increase their market shares at the expense of less protected banks.
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Germany’s “Bazaar-economy” After the Financial and Economic Crisis
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Udo Ludwig
Klaus Voy (Ed.): Außenhandel und Globalisierung in gesamtwirtschaftlicher Sicht. Marburg: Metropolis,
2018
Abstract
Die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/2009 traf die deutsche Wirtschaft infolge ihrer beträchtlichen Abhängigkeit von den Weltmärkten besonders stark über den Außenhandelskanal. Der Aufsatz behandelt den Netto-Einfluss des Exportschocks auf die Wertschöpfung und Beschäftigung in Deutschland und wendet dazu die Input-Output-Analyse an.
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Konjunktur. Relevanz von Unternehmensumfragen für Diagnose und Analyse
Thomas Brockmeier, Udo Ludwig
T. Brockmeier und U. Ludwig (Hrsg.), Konjunktur. Relevanz von Unternehmensumfragen für Diagnose und Analyse. Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale),
2017
Abstract
„Geh’n Sie mit der Konjunktur!“, so lautete der Refrain eines Gassenhauers aus den sogenannten Wirtschaftswunder-Zeiten der noch jungen Bundesrepublik. Doch hat die Konjunktur noch Konjunktur? Ist Konjunkturpolitik (noch) sinnvoll, ist sie überhaupt relevant? Wenn nein, warum nicht? Wenn ja, unter welchen Voraussetzungen? Welche Bedeutung haben Konjunkturumfragen für eine zuverlässige und zugleich rasche Beurteilung der aktuellen wirtschaftlichen (i. e. „konjunkturellen“) Lage? Haben solche Umfragen, wie sie beispielsweise das Münchner ifo Institut, aber auch die Industrie- und Handelskammern durchführen, Bedeutung für Wissenschaft und Forschung oder auch für die praktische Wirtschaftspolitik? Wie steht es um das Verhältnis zwischen Konjunktur und Wachstum? Wie wichtig ist die Saisonbereinigung? Was genau verbirgt sich eigentlich hinter der „Geschäftslage“? Diese und ähnliche Fragen wurden auf einer Fachtagung diskutiert, zu der die Industrie- und Handelskammer Halle-Dessau im April 2016 renommierte Konjunkturforscher eingeladen hatte. Anlass war die Veröffentlichung ihres 100. Konjunkturberichts. Zu den Referenten zählten Klaus Abberger (Konjunkturforschungsstelle / KOF der ETH Zürich), Roland Döhrn (RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen) und Udo Ludwig (ehem. IWH – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle). Der vorliegende Sammelband bringt die Referate und Diskussionsbeiträge zusammen, ergänzt um Literaturhinweise und Hintergrundinformationen. Deutlich wird: Konjunkturumfragen leisten wichtige Beiträge für Politik, Wissenschaft und selbst für Unternehmen: Aus den rasch vorliegenden Ergebnissen solcher Umfragen lassen sich Schlüsse für eine recht zuverlässige Beurteilung der aktuellen wirtschaftlichen Situation wie auch für eine „bessere“ Wirtschaftspolitik ziehen. Aber auch die Grenzen hinsichtlich Methodik und Reichweite von Unternehmensumfragen werden thematisiert. Das Buch liefert eine wertvolle Bestandsaufnahme – nicht nur für Experten, sondern auch und insbesondere für ökonomisch interessierte Laien.
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Employment Effects of Introducing a Minimum Wage: The Case of Germany
Oliver Holtemöller, Felix Pohle
Abstract
This paper contributes to the empirical literature on the employment effects of minimum wages. We analysed the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany in 2015 exploiting cross-sectional variation of the minimum wage affectedness. We construct two variables that measure the affectedness for approximately 300 state-industry combinations based on aggregate monthly income data. The estimation strategy consists of two steps. We test for (unidentified) structural breaks in a model with cross-section specific trends to control for state-industry specific developments prior to 2015. In a second step, we test whether the trend deviations are correlated with the minimum wage affectedness. To identify the minimum wage effect on employment, we assume that the minimum wage introduction is exogenous. Our results point towards a negative effect on marginal employment and a positive effect on socially insured employment. Furthermore, we analyse if the increase in socially insured employment is systematically related to the reduction of marginal employment but do not detect evidence.
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IWH-Flash-Indikator III. Quartal und IV. Quartal 2019
Katja Heinisch
IWH-Flash-Indikator,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
Die deutsche Wirtschaft schrumpfte im zweiten Quartal 2019 um 0,1%, nachdem das Bruttoinlandsprodukt zu Jahresbeginn noch um 0,4% zugelegt hatte. Der aktuelle IWH-Flash-Indikator deutet darauf hin, dass die Konjunktur auch in den kommenden beiden Quartalen schwach bleiben wird. So dürfte die Wirtschaft im dritten Quartal 2019 stagnieren, für das vierte Quartal kann ein kleines Plus von 0,2% erwartet werden.
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