Knowledge-Based Economy and Urban Development in Germany
Peter Franz
Die anderen Städte. IBA Stadtumbau 2010 - The other Cities, Bd. 4: Profilierung von Städten - Urban Distinctiveness, Berlin (Jovis) (Edition Bauhaus, Bd. Nr. 22),
2006
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird überprüft, in welcher Weise das deutsche Hochschulsystem im Vergleich zu den USA auf die Anforderungen einer zunehmend wissensbasierten Ökonomie reagiert und welche Rolle Hochschulen für die ökonomische Entwicklung von Städten spielen können. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass für eine Neuausrichtung des deutschen Hochschulsystems verschiedene Regulierungshindernisse bestehen.
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Can EU Policy Intervention Help Productivity Catch-Up?
Johannes Stephan, P. Holmes, J. Lopez-Gonzales, C. Stolberg
Closing the EU East-West Productivity Gap - Foreign direct Investment, Competitiveness, and Public Policy,
2006
Abstract
"A product of the Framework V research project, this book addresses one of the key problems facing the EU today: Why is the ‘new’ EU so much poorer than the ‘old’, and how will EU enlargement help to solve the problem? Focusing on the productivity problems underlying the East-West gap, it looks in particular at the role that foreign investment and R&D can play in closing it. Against that background, the book assesses what role proactive development policy might play in attacking the roots of low social productivity. Concluding that there will be a clear-cut process of convergence between East and West, albeit an incomplete one, it finishes with an assessment of the patterns of competitiveness, East and West, that are likely to emerge from this process of incomplete convergence."
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The Effects of Shared ATM Networks on the Efficiency of Turkish Banks
H. Evren Damar
Applied Economics,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
This study investigates whether forming shared ATM networks has yielded positive benefits for banks in Turkey by increasing their productive efficiency. Using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, pure technical and scale efficiency scores of Turkish banks are estimated and analysed for the period 2000–2003. The results suggest that although it is possible to realize positive effects through ATM sharing arrangements, there are multiple factors that determine which banks realize such benefits. The geographical distribution of shared ATMs between urban and rural markets and the level of competition between banks within urban areas are shown to be important determinants of differences in bank efficiency. This discrepancy between the gains associated with ATM sharing may have important implications concerning the adoption and sharing of new technology by banks in developing countries.
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Progressivity and flexibility in developing an effective competition regime: using experiences of Poland, Ukraine and South Africa for developing countries. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
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Database on competition law enactment in developing countries, the budget and staff of the relevant competition agency, and other structural (economic and otherwise) characteristics. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Johannes Stephan, Franz Kronthaler
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
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Wie steht es in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern um die Ballung wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten? - Eine Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Städte des Landes
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Rostocker Beiträge zur Regional- und Strukturforschung, Heft 18,
No. 18,
2006
Abstract
Angesichts der großen Bedeutung, die in der stadt- und regionalwissenschaftlichen Diskussion den Städten sowie allgemein der Ballung wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten für die Entwicklungschancen von strukturschwachen Regionen beigemessen wird, geht der Beitrag am Beispiel des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern den Fragen nach, inwieweit dort Ballungen von wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten gegeben sind und inwieweit eine veränderte Nutzung dieser Ballungen zu einer Verbesserung der Wirtschaftsentwicklung beitragen könnte. Eingangs wird aus theoretischer Sicht die Bedeutung räumlich konzentrierter Wirtschaftsaktivitäten für die Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung erörtert. Im empirischen Teil des Beitrages wird zunächst die generelle Ausstattung der Städte des Landes mit Wachstumsfaktoren untersucht. Anschließend werden zwei wesentliche Merkmale räumlicher Ballung näher untersucht: die räumliche Branchenkonzentration und das Vorhandensein von Unternehmensnetzwerken. Der Beitrag greift, was die Identifizierung von Branchenschwerpunkten und Unternehmensnetzwerken betrifft, auf eine Untersuchungsmethodik zurück, die vom IWH im Rahmen einer im Jahr 2004 abgeschlossenen Untersuchung über Ökonomische Entwicklungskerne in Ostdeutschland (Studie im Auftrag des Bundesamtes für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (BBR)) angewandt wurde. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Diskussion möglicher Konsequenzen für die Wirtschaftspolitik des Landes und der Kommunen.
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Enhanced Cooperation in an Enlarged EU, CeGE-Discussion Paper No. 53
J. Ahrens, Renate Ohr, Götz Zeddies
,
2006
Abstract
The paper adresses the need for more flexibility in the integration process of the European Union after its recent eastward enlargement. Due to the increasing number of decision-makers and the increasing heterogeneity of economic structures, financial constraints, societal preferences, and political interests, European integration based on the uniformity principle is hardly feasible. In order to avoid a rank growth of integration and yet to strengthen the momentum of flexibility, so-called enhanced cooperation appears to be an appropriate instrument to be applied to the overall integration process. In this context the paper analyzes different possible developments of selected common policies in the EU if enhanced cooperation is practised by a sub-group of EU-members. Based on cluster analysis similarities and distinctions among the EU members with respect to some specific policy realms are elaborated to identify clusters, or clubs, of countries which may apply the instrument of enhanced cooperation in the specific policy fields.
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New orientations for the German spatial development policy? Report about a workshop with the IWH
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
Seit kurzem ist eine intensive Diskussion zur Frage im Gange, ob es bei der Raumentwicklungspolitik, also bei Politikmaßnahmen, mit denen bestimmte Regionen gezielt unterstützt werden, eine Neuorientierung zugunsten wachstumsstarker Regionen geben sollte. Daran schließt sich dann die zweite Frage an, ob und welche Unterstützung künftig die strukturschwachen, peripher gelegenen Regionen erhalten sollten. Die knappen öffentlichen Kassen, der verschärfte Wettbewerb der Regionen in Europa und die veränderten Bedingungen für die öffentliche Daseinsvorsorge in Räumen mit dramatischen Bevölkerungsrückgängen drängen nach Antworten auf die genannten Fragen. Das IWH bearbeitet zusammen mit der Gesellschaft für Finanz- und Regionalanalysen (GEFRA), Münster, und dem Leibniz Institut für Regionalentwicklung und Strukturplanung (IRS), Erkner, im Auftrag des Bundesamtes für Bauwesen und Raumordnung ein Forschungsprojekt zum Thema „Bundesstaatliche Ordnung und Bedeutung finanzieller Ausgleichssysteme für die Raumordnung“, das empirische Fundierungen zur Beantwortung der o. g. Fragen liefern soll. In der ersten Phase der Projektbearbeitung fand am 21. Juni 2005 ein Workshop statt, der den politischen Status quo räumlicher Ausgleichspolitik und eine Bestandsaufnahme vorliegender Forschungsergebnisse zum Gegenstand hatte. Eine stärkere Orientierung auf die wachstumsstarken Räume könnte bedeuten, an dort gegebenen Agglomerationsvorteilen anzuknüpfen bzw. Agglomerationsnachteile zu mildern. Für die Unterstützung von Agglomerationseffekten, denen in modernen regionalökonomischen Theorien große Bedeutung als Entwicklungsdeterminante beigemessen wird, liefert allerdings die empirische Forschung bislang wenig Hinweise, die in konkrete regionalpolitische Maßnahmen umzusetzen wären. Es wurde grundsätzlich von den meisten Referenten und Teilnehmern betont, daß auch bei einer stärkeren Hinwendung zu einer wachstumsorientierten Raumentwicklungspolitik die strukturschwachen peripheren Räume nicht ihrem Schicksal überlassen werden dürften. Die Zentren müssten Verantwortung für die schwächere Peripherie übernehmen, den schwachen Regionen sollte Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe gewährt werden, und ein Überdenken der Daseinsvorsorge in Räumen mit starkem Bevölkerungsrückgang wird unvermeidlich sein.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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Analysis of statements made in favour of and against the adoption of competition law in developing and transition economies
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan, Frank Emmert
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 1,
2005
Abstract
The paper is concerned with documenting and assessing statements made by policy-makers, opinion formers, and other stakeholders in favour and against the adoption of competition laws with particular reference to transition and developing countries which have not yet enacted these kind of laws. For example, claims that competition enforcement might reduce the inflow of foreign direct investment, or that other policies are successfully used as substitutes for competition law, are assessed. In a first step, the method of generalized analysis structures the list of statements around core issues of common features to make them accessible to further interpretation and assessment.
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