Money and Inflation: The Role of Persistent Velocity Movements
Makram El-Shagi, Sebastian Giesen
Abstract
While the long run relation between money and inflation is well established, empirical evidence on the adjustment to the long run equilibrium is very heterogeneous. In the present paper we use a multivariate state space framework, that substantially expands the traditional vector error correction approach, to analyze the short run impact of money on prices. We contribute to the literature in three ways: First, we distinguish changes in velocity of money that are due to institutional developments and thus do not induce inflationary pressure, and changes that reflect transitory movements in money demand. This is achieved with a newly developed multivariate unobserved components decomposition. Second, we analyze whether the high volatility of the transmission from monetary pressure to inflation follows some structure, i.e., if the parameter regime can assumed to be constant. Finally, we use our model to illustrate the consequences of the monetary policy of the Fed that has been employed to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis, simulating different exit strategy scenarios.
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Low Skill but High Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2665,
2009
Abstract
Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.
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Changing patterns of employment
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
Ein Wandel der Erwerbsformen wird in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit mehreren Jahrzehnten beobachtet. Zwar ist noch immer das Normalarbeitsverhältnis, nämlich die abhängige, unbefristete Vollzeitbeschäftigung, die dominierende typische Beschäftigungsform, der ca. drei Viertel der Erwerbstätigen nachgehen. Daneben haben sich aber neue, (noch) atypische Erwerbsformen wie Minijobs und Leiharbeit entwickelt, und bekannte Formen wie die Teilzeitarbeit haben an Bedeutung gewonnen. Diese Veränderungen haben mehrere Ursachen. Sie resultieren aus den Anforderungen an flexiblere Beschäftigungsformen insbesondere im Zuge der Globalisierung, aus der zunehmenden Bedeutung des Dienstleistungssektors, aber auch aus veränderten Präferenzen sowohl der Unternehmen als auch der Beschäftigten in Bezug auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung. Eine wesentliche Triebkraft ist die gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen, die häufig in atypischen Beschäftigungsformen realisiert wird. Aber auch über Eintritte in und Austritte aus dem Arbeitsmarkt vollzieht sich die Veränderung und wird vor allem über den Erwerbseinstieg der jüngeren Alterskohorten sichtbar. Bezogen auf die Entwicklung in den Alten und Neuen Bundesländern gibt es sowohl Gemeinsamkeiten als auch Unterschiede. In beiden Teilräumen zeigt sich eine Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigung. Aber es existieren auch Unterschiede, wie die stärkere Erwerbsorientierung und -beteiligung ostdeutscher Frauen gegenüber westdeutschen, die sich aus den noch immer vorhandenen strukturellen und soziokulturellen Unter-schieden zwischen den beiden Landesteilen er-geben. Atypische Beschäftigung ist nicht per se prekär oder „minderwertig“. Aufgrund der Kopplung des Sozialversicherungssystems an das Normalarbeitsverhältnis können für atypisch Beschäftigte jedoch Nachteile und Unsicherheiten entstehen.
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Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?
Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).
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The relationship between unemployment and output in post-communist countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
Post-Communist Economies,
2006
Abstract
Unemployment is still disappointingly high in most Central and East European countries, and might be a reflection of the ongoing adjustment to institutional shocks resulting from systemic transition, or it may be caused by high labour market rigidity, or aggregate demand that is too weak. In this paper we have investigated the dynamics of unemployment and output in those eight post-communist countries, which entered the EU in 2004. We used a model related to Okun’s Law; i.e. the first differences in unemployment rates were regressed on GDP growth rates. We estimated country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS) and applied a few tests to the data and regression results. We assume transition of labour markets to be accomplished when a robust relationship exists between unemployment rate changes and GDP growth. Moreover, the estimated coefficients contain information about labour market rigidity and unemployment thresholds of output growth. Our results suggest that the transition of labour markets can be regarded as completed since unemployment responds to output changes and not to a changing institutional environment that destroys jobs in the state sector. The regression coefficients have demonstrated that a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth have been occurring since 1998. Therefore, we conclude that labour market rigidities do not play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. However, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress and the employment-relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce the high level of unemployment substantially.
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The unemployment-growth relationship in transition countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Does the disappointingly high unemployment in Central and East European countries reflect non-completed adjustment to institutional shocks from transition to a market economy, or is it the result of high labour market rigidities, or rather a syndrome of too weak aggregate demand and output? In the case of transitional causes, unemployment is expected to decline over time. Otherwise, it would pose a challenge to the European Union, particular in case of accession countries, for it jeopardizes the ambitious integration plans of, and may trigger excessive migration to the Union. In order to find out which hypothesis holds 15 years after transition has started, we analyze the unemploymentgrowth dynamics in the eight new member countries from Central-Eastern Europe. The study is based on country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS). The results suggest to declare the transition of labour markets as completed; unemployment responds to output and not to a changing institutional environment for job creation. The regression coefficients report a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth since 1998. The conclusion is that labour market rigidities do not to play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. Rather, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress, while the employment relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce substantially the high level of unemployment.
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Konsolidierung der Biotechnologiebranche: Kernbildung erfolgreicher Unternehmen
Walter Komar
Zeitschrift für Biopolitik,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
Mittlerweile hat sich mit der Branche der modernen Biotechnologie weltweit ein neuer Wirtschaftszweig herausgebildet, vom dem ein hoher Beitrag zum Wirtschaftswachstum erwartet wird. Dies gilt auch für Deutschland. Allerdings haben die Hoffungen einen Dämpfer bekommen. Der Biotechnologiesektor befindet sich in einer Konsolidierungsphase. Nach den vorgelegten Untersuchungsergebnissen spricht einiges dafür, dass sich im Zuge der Konsolidierung ein erfolgreicher Kern von Unternehmen herausbildet, der weiterhin prosperiert und die künftige Entwicklung der Branche tragen kann.
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Growth in biotechnology industry has come to a halt - is the industry still the great white hope?
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2004
Abstract
Mit der Branche der modernen Biotechnologie hat sich weltweit ein neuer Wirtschaftszweig herausgebildet. In Deutschland setzte der Gründungsboom der Branche etwa 1996/1997 ein. Mittlerweile ist das Wachstum ins Stocken geraten. Der Biotechnologiesektor befindet sich in einer Konsolidierungsphase. Das Papier zeigt, dass sich infolge der Konsolidierung ein Kern von erfolgreichen Firmen herausbilden wird, der prosperiert und die Entwicklung der Branche tragen kann. Auch wirtschaftlich wenig fortgeschrittene Regionen haben eine Chance in der modernen Biotechnologie.
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Evolving Structural Patterns in the Enlarging European Division of Labour: Sectoral and Branch Specialisation and the Potentials for Closing the Productivity Gap
Johannes Stephan
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2003
Abstract
This report summarises the results generated in empirical analysis within a larger EU 5th FP RTD-project on the determinants of productivity gaps between the current EU-15 and accession states in Central East Europe. The focus of research in this part of the project is on sectoral specialisation patterns emerging as a result of intensifying integration between the current EU and a selection of six newly acceding economies, namely Estonia, Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Slovenia. The research-leading question is concerned with the role played by the respective specialisation patterns for (i) the explanation of observed productivity gaps and for (ii) the projection of future potentials of productivity growth in Central East Europe.
For the aggregated level, analysis determines the share of national productivity gaps accountable to acceding countries’ particular sectoral patterns, and their role for aggregate productivity growth: in Poland, the Slovak Republic and Hungary, sectoral shares of national productivity gaps are considerable and might evolve into a ‘barrier’ to productivity catch-up.Moreover, past productivity growth was dominated by a downward adjustment in employment rather than structural change. With the industrial sector of manufacturing having been identified as the main source of national productivity gaps and growth, the subsequent analysis focuses on the role of industrial specialisation patterns and develops an empirical model to project future productivity growth potentials. Each chapter closes with some policy conclusions.
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Employment in the East German environmental sector - an analysis based on the IAB Company Panel
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
2001
Abstract
Auf der Basis einer Analyse des IAB-Betriebspanels wurde die Umweltbeschäftigung in den neuen Bundesländern berechnet.
Danach waren 1999 etwa 182 000 Personen in der Produktion von Umweltschutzgütern und Umweltschutzdienstleistungen tätig. Den
Einschätzungen der Betriebe zufolge ist mittelfristig eine Zunahme der Beschäftigung bei den Umweltschutzdienstleistungen, insbesondere im Klimaschutz, zu erwarten.
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