The Value of Smarter Teachers: International Evidence on Teacher Cognitive Skills and Student Performance
Eric A. Hanushek, Marc Piopiunik, Simon Wiederhold
Journal of Human Resources,
Nr. 4,
2019
Abstract
We construct country-level measures of teacher cognitive skills using unique assessment data for 31 countries. We find substantial differences in teacher cognitive skills across countries that are strongly related to student performance. Results are supported by fixed-effects estimation exploiting within-country between-subject variation in teacher skills. A series of robustness and placebo tests indicate a systematic influence of teacher skills as distinct from overall differences among countries in the level of cognitive skills. Moreover, observed country variations in teacher cognitive skills are significantly related to differences in women’s access to high-skill occupations outside teaching and to salary premiums for teachers.
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Price-cost Margin and Bargaining Power in the European Union
Ana Cristina Soares
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
Nr. 4,
2019
Abstract
Using firm-level data between 2004 and 2012 for eleven countries of the European Union (EU), we document the size of product and labour market imperfections within narrowly defined sectors including services which are virtually undocumented. Our findings suggest that perfect competition in both product and labour markets is widely rejected. Levels of the price-cost margin and union bargaining power tend to be higher in some service sectors depicting however substantial heterogeneity. Dispersion within sector and across countries tends to be higher in some services sectors assuming a less tradable nature which suggests that the Single Market integration is partial particularly relaxing the assumption of perfect competition in the labour market. We report also figures for the aggregate economy and show that Eastern countries tend to depict lower product and labour market imperfections compared to other countries in the EU. Also, we provide evidence in favour of a very limited adjustment of both product and labour market imperfections following the international and financial crisis.
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Do Digital Information Technologies Help Unemployed Job Seekers Find a Job? Evidence from the Broadband Internet Expansion in Germany
Nicole Gürtzgen, André Diegmann, Laura Pohlan, Gerard J. van den Berg
Abstract
This paper studies effects of the introduction of a new digital mass medium on reemployment of unemployed job seekers. We combine data on high-speed (broadband) internet availability at the local level with German individual register data. We address endogeneity by exploiting technological peculiarities that affected the roll-out of high-speed internet. The results show that high-speed internet improves reemployment rates after the first months in unemployment. This is confirmed by complementary analyses with individual survey data suggesting that internet access increases online job search and the number of job interviews after a few months in unemployment.
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TV and Entrepreneurship
Viktor Slavtchev, Michael Wyrwich
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 17,
2017
Abstract
We empirically analyse whether television (TV) can influence entrepreneurial identity and incidence. To identify causal effects, we utilise a quasi-natural experiment setting. During the division of Germany after WWII into West Germany with a free-market economy and the socialistic East Germany with centrally-planned economy, some East German regions had access to West German public TV that – differently from the East German TV – transmitted images, values, attitudes and view of life compatible with the free-market economy principles and supportive of entrepreneurship. We show that during the 40 years of socialistic regime in East Germany entrepreneurship was highly regulated and virtually impossible and that the prevalent formal and informal institutions broke the traditional ties linking entrepreneurship to the characteristics of individuals so that there were hardly any differences in the levels and development of entrepreneurship between East German regions with and without West German TV signal. Using both, regional and individual level data, we show then that, for the period after the Unification in 1990 which made starting an own business in East Germany, possible again, entrepreneurship incidence is higher among the residents of East German regions that had access to West German public TV, indicating that TV can, while transmitting specific images, values, attitudes and view of life, directly impact on the entrepreneurial mindset of individuals. Moreover, we find that young individuals born after 1980 in East German households that had access to West German TV are also more entrepreneurial. These findings point to second-order effects due to inter-personal and inter-generational transmission, a mechanism that can cause persistent differences in the entrepreneurship incidence across (geographically defined) population groups.
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Lessons from Schumpeterian Growth Theory
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Peter Howitt
American Economic Review,
Nr. 5,
2015
Abstract
By operationalizing the notion of creative destruction, Schumpeterian growth theory generates distinctive predictions on important microeconomic aspects of the growth process (competition, firm dynamics, firm size distribution, cross-firm and cross-sector reallocation) which can be confronted using rich micro data. In this process the theory helps reconcile growth with industrial organization and development economics.
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Assessing European Competitiveness: The New CompNet Microbased Database
Paloma Lopez-Garcia, Filippo di Mauro
ECB Working Paper,
Nr. 1764,
2015
Abstract
Drawing from confidential firm-level balance sheets for 17 European countries (13 Euro-Area), the paper documents the newly expanded database of cross-country comparable competitiveness-related indicators built by the Competitiveness Research Network (CompNet). The new database provides information on the distribution of labour productivity, TFP, ULC or size of firms in detailed 2-digit industries but also within broad macrosectors or considering the full economy. Most importantly, the expanded database includes detailed information on critical determinants of competitiveness such as the financial position of the firm, its exporting intensity, employment creation or price-cost margins. Both the distribution of all those variables, within each industry, but also their joint analysis with the productivity of the firm provides critical insights to both policy-makers and researchers regarding aggregate trends dynamics. The current database comprises 17 EU countries, with information for 56 industries, including both manufacturing and services, over the period 1995-2012. The paper aims at analysing the structure and characteristics of this novel database, pointing out a number of results that are relevant to study productivity developments and its drivers. For instance, by using covariances between productivity and employment the paper shows that the drop in employment which occurred during the recent crisis appears to have had “cleansing effects” on EU economies, as it seems to have accelerated resource reallocation towards the most productive firms, particularly in economies under stress. Lastly, this paper will be complemented by four forthcoming papers, each providing an in-depth description and methodological overview of each of the main groups of CompNet indicators (financial, trade-related, product and labour market).
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Micro-Based Evidence of EU Competitiveness: The CompNet Database
Filippo di Mauro, et al.
ECB Working Paper,
Nr. 1634,
2014
Abstract
Drawing from confidential firm-level balance sheets in 11 European countries, the paper presents a novel sectoral database of comparable productivity indicators built by members of the Competitiveness Research Network (CompNet) using a newly developed research infrastructure. Beyond aggregate information available from industry statistics of Eurostat or EU KLEMS, the paper provides information on the distribution of firms across several dimensions related to competitiveness, e.g. productivity and size. The database comprises so far 11 countries, with information for 58 sectors over the period 1995-2011. The paper documents the development of the new research infrastructure, describes the database, and shows some preliminary results. Among them, it shows that there is large heterogeneity in terms of firm productivity or size within narrowly defined industries in all countries. Productivity, and above all, size distribution are very skewed across countries, with a thick left-tail of low productive firms. Moreover, firms at both ends of the distribution show very different dynamics in terms of productivity and unit labour costs. Within-sector heterogeneity and productivity dispersion are positively correlated to aggregate productivity given the possibility of reallocating resources from less to more productive firms. To this extent, we show how allocative efficiency varies across countries, and more interestingly, over different periods of time. Finally, we apply the new database to illustrate the importance of productivity dispersion to explain aggregate trade results.
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IWH-Bauumfrage zum Jahresauftakt 2012: Ostdeutsches Baugewerbe mit ausgesprochen guter Jahresbilanz 2011
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 2,
2012
Abstract
Das ostdeutsche Baugewerbe hat das Jahr 2011 mit einem Produktionszuwachs abgeschlossen. Mit 48% hat knapp die Hälfte der ostdeutschen Bauunternehmen die Produktion ausweiten können (2010: 40%); bei fast 40% stieg sie sogar um mehr als 5% (2010: 25%). Darüber hinaus gelang es knapp einem Viertel, die Produktion stabil zu halten. Die vor Jahresfrist geäußerten Erwartungen der Unternehmen über die Dynamik der Bauleistungen sind damit weit übertroffen worden. Von Umsatzzuwächsen waren damals nur etwa 30% ausgegangen, gleichbleibende Umsätze erwarteten 46% der Unternehmen. Insbesondere letztere dürften von der positiven Nachfrageentwicklung überrascht worden sein. Diese Entwicklung zieht sich durch alle Bausparten. Auch die Ertragsverhältnisse der Unternehmen stellen sich in allen Sparten günstiger dar als noch vor einem Jahr.
Mit Blick auf das Jahr 2012 ist eine verhalten optimistische Stimmung unter den vom IWH befragten Unternehmen festzustellen. Zwar überwiegen bei den Umsatzerwartungen nach wie vor die Hoffnungen auf eine Expansion gegenüber den Befürchtungen von Rückgängen. Im Vergleich zum Vorjahr fallen die Urteile allerdings etwas gedämpfter aus. Am günstigsten werden die Aussichten bei der Wohnungsmodernisierung beurteilt, von denen der Hochbau und der Ausbau profitieren dürften. Bei der Beschäftigung deuten sich leichte Rückgänge an, was auf beabsichtigte Produktivitätssteigerungen hindeutet.
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Flow of Conjunctural Information and Forecast of Euro Area Economic Activity
Katja Drechsel, L. Maurin
Journal of Forecasting,
Nr. 3,
2011
Abstract
Combining forecasts, we analyse the role of information flow in computing short-term forecasts up to one quarter ahead for the euro area GDP and its main components. A dataset of 114 monthly indicators is set up and simple bridge equations are estimated. The individual forecasts are then pooled, using different weighting schemes. To take into consideration the release calendar of each indicator, six forecasts are compiled successively during the quarter. We found that the sequencing of information determines the weight allocated to each block of indicators, especially when the first month of hard data becomes available. This conclusion extends the findings of the recent literature. Moreover, when combining forecasts, two weighting schemes are found to outperform the equal weighting scheme in almost all cases. Compared to an AR forecast, these improve by more than 40% the forecast performance for GDP in the current and next quarter.
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IWH-Bauumfrage in Ostdeutschland zum Jahresauftakt 2011: Ausbaugewerbe – Gewinner im Aufschwung
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 2,
2011
Abstract
Das Baugewerbe, das die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise vergleichsweise glimpflich überstanden hat, profitiert zusehends vom gesamtwirtschaftlichen Aufschwung. Im Jahr 2010 haben knapp 40% der ostdeutschen Bauunternehmen ihre Produktion ausweiten können; reichlich ein Viertel sogar um mehr als 5%. Knapp einem Viertel gelang es, sie stabil zu halten. Die vor Jahresfrist geäußerten Erwartungen der Unternehmen über die Dynamik der Bauleistungen sind damit weit übertroffen worden. Ursprünglich war nur ein Viertel von Umsatzzuwächsen und ein Drittel von gleichbleibenden Umsätzen ausgegangen. Am kräftigsten wurden die Aussichten im Ausbaugewerbe überschritten. Statt wie von 26% der Unternehmen anvisiert, berichten 46% von höheren Umsätzen im Vergleich zum Krisenjahr 2009. Hier zeigt sich auch, dass die Baumaßnahmen aus den Konjunkturpaketen der
Bundesregierung mit der starken Fokussierung auf energetische Sanierung zu einem großen Teil dem Ausbaubereich zugutegekommen sind. Zugleich profitierte der Ausbau von der Erholung im Wohnungsbau, die sich in Ostdeutschland bei schrumpfender Bevölkerung stärker in werterhöhenden Baumaßnahmen widerspiegelt. Im Ergebnis erwiesen sich die Ertragsverhältnisse unter allen Sparten nur im Ausbaugewerbe als überwiegend positiv.
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