Shadow Budgets, Fiscal Illusion and Municipal Spending: The Case of Germany
Peter Haug
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 9,
2009
Abstract
The paper investigates the existence of fiscal illusion in German municipalities with special focus on the revenues from local public enterprises. These shadow budgets tend to increase the misperception of municipal tax prices and seem to have been neglected in the literature. Therefore, an aggregated expenditure function has been estimated for all German independent cities applying an “integrated budget” approach, which means
that revenues and expenditures of the core budget and the local public enterprises are combined to one single municipal budget. The estimation results suggest that a higher relative share of local public enterprise revenues might increase total per capita spending as well as spending for non-obligatory municipal goods and services. Empirical evidence for other sources of fiscal illusion is mixed but some indications for debt illusion, renter illusion or the flypaper effect could be found.
Artikel Lesen
Why do banks hold capital in excess of regulatory requirements? A functional approach
Diemo Dietrich, Uwe Vollmer
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 192,
2004
Abstract
This paper provides an explanation for the observation that banks hold on average a capital ratio in excess of regulatory requirements. We use a functional approach to banking based on Diamond and Rajan (2001) to demonstrate that banks can use capital ratios as a strategic tool for renegotiating loans with borrowers. As capital ratios affect the ability of banks to collect loans in a nonmonotonic way, a bank may be forced to exceed capital requirements. Moreover, high capital ratios may also constrain the amount a banker can borrow from investors. Consequently, the size of the banking sector may shrink.
Artikel Lesen
Capital Stock Approximation with the Perpetual Inventory Method: STATA Code for the IAB Establishment Panel
Steffen Müller
FDZ-Methodenreport, H. 02,
Nr. 2,
2010
Abstract
Das IAB Betriebspanel enthält keine direkten Informationen über den Kapitalstock der befragten Betriebe. Dieser Methodenreport beschreibt die Möglichkeit der Approximation des Kapitalstocks anhand der Methode der permanenten Inventur (perpetual inventory method), wie sie in Müller (2008) vorgeschlagen wird. Der Anhang enthält den entsprechenden STATA Code.
Artikel Lesen
Exploring the Evolution of Innovation Networks in Science-driven and Scale-intensive Industries: New Evidence from a Stochastic Actor-based Approach
T. Buchmann, D. Hain, Muhamed Kudic, M. Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 1,
2014
Abstract
Our primary goal is to analyse the drivers of evolutionary network change processes by using a stochastic actor-based simulation approach. We contribute to the literature by combining two unique datasets, concerning the German laser and automotive industry, between 2002 and 2006 to explore whether geographical, network-related, and techno-logical determinants affect the evolution of networks, and if so, as to what extent these determinants systematically differ for science-driven industries compared to scale-intensive industries. Our results provide empirical evidence for the explanatory power of network-related determinants in both industries. The ‘experience effect’ as well as the ‘transitivity effects’ are significant for both industries but more pronounced for laser manufacturing firms. When it comes to ‘geographical effects’ and ‘technological ef-fects’ the picture changes considerably. While geographical proximity plays an important role in the automotive industry, firms in the laser industry seem to be less dependent on geographical closeness to cooperation partners; instead they rather search out for cooperation opportunities in distance. This might reflect the strong dependence of firms in science-driven industries to access diverse external knowledge, which cannot necessarily be found in the close geographical surrounding. Technological proximity negatively influences cooperation decisions for laser source manufacturers, yet has no impact for automotive firms. In other words, technological heterogeneity seems to ex-plain, at least in science-driven industries, the attractiveness of potential cooperation partners.
Artikel Lesen
Network Formation: R&D Cooperation Propensity and Timing Among German Laser Source Manufacturers
Muhamed Kudic, Andreas Pyka, Marco Sunder
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 9,
2013
Abstract
Empirical evidence on the evolution of innovation networks within high-tech industries is still scant. We investigate network formation processes by analyzing the timing of firms to enter R&D cooperations, using data on laser source manufacturers in Germany, 1990-2010. Network measures are constructed from a unique industry database that allows us to track both the formation and the termination of ties. Regression results reveal that a firm's knowledge endowment (and cooperation experience) shortens the duration to first (and consecutive) cooperation events. The previous occupation of strategic network positions is closely related to the establishment of further R&D cooperations at a swift pace. Geographic co-location produces mixed results in our analysis.
Artikel Lesen
Entrepreneurial Opportunity and the Formation of Photovoltaic Clusters in Eastern Germany
Matthias Brachert, Christoph Hornych
R. Wüstenhagen, R. Wuebker (Hrsg.), Handbook of Research on Energy Entrepreneurship,
2011
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain the evolution of the spatial structures of one particular type of renewable energy in Germany – the photovoltaic (PV) industry. We first demonstrate how environmental movements have contributed to institutional change and government action, leading to changes in the legal and regulative structure in Germany. We describe how these changes opened up a window of locational opportunity (WLO), thus combining the WLO concept with the entrepreneurial opportunity concept. As market entries occurred mainly in Eastern Germany, the paper also explores the factors leading to a concentration of economic activity related to the new PV industry in this part of the country. Based on the WLO concept, we combine this framework with the industrial dynamics literature by Klepper (2007) and illustrate the spatial evolution of the PV industry.
Artikel Lesen
IWH-Bauumfrage im August 2000
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 12,
2000
Abstract
Artikel Lesen
IWH-Bauumfrage im August 1999: Sommerliche Stimmung im Baugewerbe hält an, Hochbau aber schwächer
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 12,
1999
Abstract
Nach den Ergebnissen der IWH-Bauumfrage im August 1999 hatte die sommerlich gute Stimmung angehalten. Allerdings machte sich eine deutliche Spaltung zwischen den Sparten bemerkbar: Während sich im Tiefbau die Aufwärtsbewegung aufgrund der guten Auftragslage im Straßen- und gewerblichen Tiefbau fortsetzte, stagnierte der Ausbaubereich nach der frühsommerlichen Belebung der Modernisierungsaktivitäten auf dem erreichten hohen Niveau und im Hochbau brach die in den Vormonaten zu beobachtende leichte Entspannung der Situation ab.
Artikel Lesen
IWH-Bauumfrage im August 1998: Niveaukorrektur im ostdeutschen Baugewerbe setzt sich fort
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 12,
1998
Abstract
Nach den Meldungen der Bauunternehmen hat sich im Spätsommer 1998 die Gesamtkonstellation auf dem ostdeutschen Baumarkt weiter deutlich verschlechtert. Auf die Stimmung wirkte sich aus, dass die Auftragsentwicklung im öffentlichen Bau nach den Impulsen im ersten Quartal nun - mit Ausnahme des Straßenbaus - wieder schwächer geworden war sowie im Wirtschafts- und Wohnungsbau deutlich Kurs auf Fortsetzung der Normalisierung hielt. Diese Tatsache kulminierte zusammen mit hohem Preisdruck, Zahlungsverzögerungen und -ausfällen in einer verstärkten Marktbereinigung.
Artikel Lesen