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Year
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Kurzfassung: Ostdeutsche Wirtschaft: Kräftige Konjunktur im Jahr 2014, Rückstand gegenüber Westdeutschland verringert sich aber kaum mehr
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Franziska Exß, Cornelia Lang, Axel Lindner, Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig, Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 4, 2014
Abstract
Die Wirtschaft in Ostdeutschland dürfte im Jahr 2014 recht kräftig (um 1,8%) expandieren. Damit ist der Rückstand zu dem Expansionstempo in Westdeutschland (2%) deutlich geringer als in den Jahren zuvor, obwohl Bevölkerung und Erwerbspersonenpotenzial in Ostdeutschland weiter fallen und im Westen steigen. Die Gründe für die Dynamik im Osten sind konjunkturell: Wichtige Exportmärkte für die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft liegen vor allem im Euroraum und in den mitteleuropäischen Nachbarstaaten, und deshalb profitiert Ostdeutschland von der – wenn auch zumeist sehr verhaltenen – Belebung der Konjunktur in diesen Ländern besonders. Der dämpfende Effekt des Nachfragerückgangs aus Russland im Zusammenhang mit dem russisch-ukrainischen Konflikt ist begrenzt, denn das Land nahm im Jahr 2013 nur 3½% der ostdeutschen Exporte ab. Auch veranlasst die gute Konjunktur die Unternehmen in Deutschland dazu, ihre Lager aufzufüllen. Davon profitiert speziell das ostdeutsche Verarbeitende Gewerbe, denn dort hat die Produktion von Vorleistungsgütern, die bei einem Lageraufbau besonders gefragt sind, ein großes Gewicht.
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Interbank Lending and Distress: Observables, Unobservables, and Network Structure
Ben Craig, Michael Koetter, U. Krüger
Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper, No. 18/2014, No. 18, 2014
Abstract
We provide empirical evidence on the relevance of systemic risk through the interbank lending channel. We adapt a spatial probit model that allows for correlated error terms in the cross-sectional variation that depend on the measured network connections of the banks. The latter are in our application observed interbank exposures among German bank holding companies during 2001 and 2006. The results clearly indicate significant spillover effects between banks’ probabilities of distress and the financial profiles of connected peers. Better capitalized and managed connections reduce the banks own risk. Higher network centrality reduces the probability of distress, supporting the notion that more complete networks tend to be more stable. Finally, spatial autocorrelation is significant and negative. This last result may indicate too-many-to-fail mechanics such that bank distress is less likely if many peers already experienced distress.
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IWH-Flash-Indikator III. und IV. Quartal 2014
Katja Drechsel
IWH-Flash-Indikator, No. 3, 2014
Abstract
Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist in Deutschland im zweiten Quartal 2014 um 0,2% gegenüber dem Vorquartal zurückgegangen. Die hohe konjunkturelle Dynamik zu Jahresbeginn ist damit zum Erliegen gekommen. Der IWHFlash-Indikator deutet auch für das zweite Halbjahr nur auf ein mäßiges Expansionstempo hin. Demnach legt die deutsche Wirtschaft im dritten Quartal um 0,2% und danach um 0,1% zu.
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Lingering Illness or Sudden Death? Pre-exit Employment Developments in German Establishments
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel, J. Wagner
Industrial and Corporate Change, No. 4, 2014
Abstract
Using a large administrative data set for Germany, this article compares employment developments in exiting and surviving establishments. Applying a matching approach, we find a clear “shadow of death” effect reflecting lingering illness: in both West and East Germany establishments shrink dramatically already several years before closure, employment growth rates differ strongly between exiting and surviving establishments, and this difference becomes stronger as exit approaches. Moreover, we provide first evidence that prior to exit the workforce becomes on average more skilled, more female, and older in exiting compared to surviving establishments. These effects are more clearly visible in West than in East Germany.
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Corporate Venture Capital, Value Creation, and Innovation
Thomas J. Chemmanur, Elena Loutskina, Xuan Tian
Review of Financial Studies, No. 8, 2014
Abstract
We analyze how corporate venture capital (CVC) differs from independent venture capital (IVC) in nurturing innovation in entrepreneurial firms. We find that CVC-backed firms are more innovative, as measured by their patenting outcome, although they are younger, riskier, and less profitable than IVC-backed firms. Our baseline results continue to hold in a propensity score matching analysis of IPO firms and a difference-in-differences analysis of the universe of VC-backed entrepreneurial firms. We present evidence consistent with two possible underlying mechanisms: CVC's greater industry knowledge due to the technological fit between their parent firms and entrepreneurial firms and CVC's greater tolerance for failure.
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A Community College Instructor Like Me: Race and Ethnicity Interactions in the Classroom
Robert W. Fairlie, Florian Hoffmann, Philip Oreopoulos
American Economic Review, No. 8, 2014
Abstract
Administrative data from a large and diverse community college are used to examine if underrepresented minority students benefit from taking courses with underrepresented minority instructors. To identify racial interactions we estimate models that include both student and classroom fixed effects and focus on students with limited choice in courses. We find that the performance gap in terms of class dropout rates and grade performance between white and underrepresented minority students falls by 20 to 50 percent when taught by an underrepresented minority instructor. We also find these interactions affect longer term outcomes such as subsequent course selection, retention, and degree completion.
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The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism
Ryan A. Decker, John Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, Javier Miranda
Journal of Economic Perspectives, No. 3, 2014
Abstract
An optimal pace of business dynamics—encompassing the processes of entry, exit, expansion, and contraction—would balance the benefits of productivity and economic growth against the costs to firms and workers associated with reallocation of productive resources. It is difficult to prescribe what the optimal pace should be, but evidence accumulating from multiple datasets and methodologies suggests that the rate of business startups and the pace of employment dynamism in the US economy has fallen over recent decades and that this downward trend accelerated after 2000. A critical factor in accounting for the decline in business dynamics is a lower rate of business startups and the related decreasing role of dynamic young businesses in the economy. For example, the share of US employment accounted for by young firms has declined by almost 30 percent over the last 30 years. These trends suggest that incentives for entrepreneurs to start new firms in the United States have diminished over time. We do not identify all the factors underlying these trends in this paper but offer some clues based on the empirical patterns for specific sectors and geographic regions.
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Labor Market Volatility, Skills, and Financial Globalization
Claudia M. Buch, C. Pierdzioch
Macroeconomic Dynamics, No. 5, 2014
Abstract
We analyze the impact of financial globalization on volatilities of hours worked and wages of high-skilled and low-skilled workers. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970–2004, we establish stylized facts that document how volatilities of hours worked and wages of workers with different skill levels have changed over time. We then document that the volatility of hours worked by low-skilled workers has increased the most in response to the increase in financial globalization. We develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy that is consistent with the empirical results. The model predicts that greater financial globalization increases the volatility of hours worked, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers.
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Is Subsidizing Companies in Difficulties an Optimal Policy? An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness of State Aid in the European Union
Nicole Nulsch
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 9, 2014
Abstract
Even though state aid in order to rescue or restructure ailing companies is regularly granted by European governments, it is often controversially discussed. The aims for rescuing companies are manifold and vary from social, industrial and even political considerations. Well-known examples are Austrian Airlines (Austria) or MG Rover (Great Britain). Yet, this study aims to answer the question whether state aid is used effectively and whether the initial aim why aid has been paid has been reached, i.e. the survival of the company. By using data on rescued companies in the EU and applying a survival analysis, this paper investigates the survival rates of these companies up to 15 years after the aid has been paid. In addition, the results are compared to the survival rates of non-rescued companies which have also been in difficulties. The results suggest that despite the financial support, business failure is often only post-poned; best survival rates have firms with long-term restructuring, enterprises in Eastern Europe, smaller firms and mature companies. However, non-funded companies have an even higher ratio to go bankrupt.
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EFN Report Summer 2014: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2014 and 2015
, 2014
Abstract
World growth disappointed at the beginning of the year, when in the US extremely cold weather caused production to contract, the recovery in the euro area stumbled and the slowdown of the Chinese economy continued. At present, however, confidence indicators and order books point to a moderate pickup of growth in most regions. Prices on markets for energy, real and financial assets have reacted little to recent bad news about rising geopolitical risks in the Middle East and Eastern Europe up to now. A sudden increase of risk aversion or a change of believes among investors could trigger a swift deterioration of financial conditions for the world economy. In the euro area, strong stimuli from abroad are not to be expected and private households continue to keep their real spending about constant. Investment has been expanding since summer 2013, but at a very moderate rate. In this context, our forecast for GDP growth is 1.1% in 2014 and 1.6% in 2015. For 2014 and 2015, we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate, because employment dynamics will stay weak due to subdued growth and the still rising participation rate in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2014 is 0.6%. In 2015 inflation will also remain subdued, at about 1.0%. In this context of very low price dynamics, monetary policy keeps the recovery alive: official interest rates around zero and the search for yields on financial markets have depressed yields for government bonds; the fall in financing costs allows euro area governments to conduct fiscal policies that are much less restrictive than in the years before, with tax cuts in Italy, France, and Spain starting this year. Nonfinancial firms benefit from a shrinking burden of interest payments, and the availability of bank loans for small and medium enterprises has improved since 2012 in most countries.
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