Firm-level Employment, Labour Market Reforms, and Bank Distress
Ralph Setzer, Moritz Stieglitz
Abstract
We explore the interaction between labour market reforms and financial frictions. Our study combines a new cross-country reform database on labour market reforms with matched firm-bank data for nine euro area countries over the period 1999 to 2013. While we find that labour market reforms are overall effective in increasing employment, restricted access to bank credit can undo up to half of long-term employment gains at the firm-level. Entrepreneurs without sufficient access to credit cannot reap the full benefits of more flexible employment regulation.
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Coming to Work While Sick: An Economic Theory of Presenteeism With an Application to German Data
Boris Hirsch, Daniel S. J. Lechmann, Claus Schnabel
Oxford Economic Papers,
No. 4,
2017
Abstract
Presenteeism, i.e. attending work while sick, is widespread and associated with significant costs. Still, economic analyses of this phenomenon are rare. In a theoretical model, we show that presenteeism arises due to differences between workers in (healthrelated) disutility from workplace attendance. As these differences are unobservable by employers, they set wages that incentivise sick workers to attend work. Using a large representative German data set, we test several hypotheses derived from our model. In line with our predictions, we find that bad health status and stressful working conditions are positively related to presenteeism. Better dismissal protection, captured by higher tenure, is associated with slightly fewer presenteeism days, whereas the role of productivity and skills is inconclusive.
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A Weighty Issue Revisited: The Dynamic Effect of Body Weight on Earnings and Satisfaction in Germany
Frieder Kropfhäußer, Marco Sunder
Applied Economics,
No. 41,
2015
Abstract
We estimate the relationship between changes in the body mass index (bmi) and wages or satisfaction, respectively, in a panel of German employees. In contrast to previous findings, our dynamic models indicate an inverse u-shaped association between bmi and wages. As the implied maximum occurs in the ‘overweight’ category, the positive trend in weight may not yet constitute a major limitation to productivity. Further investigation points out a stronger association among young workers and workers with jobs that are less protected. Work satisfaction of young workers is associated with bmi beyond the effect of earnings.
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Returns to Skills around the World: Evidence from PIAAC
Eric A. Hanushek, Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold, Ludger Woessmann
European Economic Review,
January
2015
Abstract
Existing estimates of the labor-market returns to human capital give a distorted picture of the role of skills across different economies. International comparisons of earnings analyses rely almost exclusively on school attainment measures of human capital, and evidence incorporating direct measures of cognitive skills is mostly restricted to early-career workers in the United States. Analysis of the new PIAAC survey of adult skills over the full lifecycle in 23 countries shows that the focus on early-career earnings leads to underestimating the lifetime returns to skills by about one quarter. On average, a one-standard-deviation increase in numeracy skills is associated with an 18 percent wage increase among prime-age workers. But this masks considerable heterogeneity across countries. Eight countries, including all Nordic countries, have returns between 12 and 15 percent, while six are above 21 percent with the largest return being 28 percent in the United States. Estimates are remarkably robust to different earnings and skill measures, additional controls, and various subgroups. Instrumental-variable models that use skill variation stemming from school attainment, parental education, or compulsory-schooling laws provide even higher estimates. Intriguingly, returns to skills are systematically lower in countries with higher union density, stricter employment protection, and larger public-sector shares.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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Der Umweltschutzsektor und seine Bedeutung für den Arbeitsmarkt
Jens Horbach
Schriften des IWH,
No. 10,
2002
Abstract
Angesichts einer anhaltend hohen Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland besitzt der Umweltschutzsektor wegen seiner überdurchschnittlich hohen Wachstumsraten schon seit geraumer Zeit einen hohen beschäftigungspolitischen Stellenwert. Bei der empirischen Erfassung dieses Bereichs bestehen allerdings bis heute erhebliche methodische Probleme, die im Rahmen dieses Bandes erörtert und für die - soweit möglich - Lösungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt werden. Das Buch basiert auf den Forschungsergebnissen der Arbeitsgruppe Umwelt und Beschäftigung des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) und Beiträgen externer Autoren. Die Ergebnisse wurden in einem Workshop im Juni 2001 in Halle vorgestellt und diskutiert.
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Employment in the East German environmental sector - an analysis based on the IAB Company Panel
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
2001
Abstract
Auf der Basis einer Analyse des IAB-Betriebspanels wurde die Umweltbeschäftigung in den neuen Bundesländern berechnet.
Danach waren 1999 etwa 182 000 Personen in der Produktion von Umweltschutzgütern und Umweltschutzdienstleistungen tätig. Den
Einschätzungen der Betriebe zufolge ist mittelfristig eine Zunahme der Beschäftigung bei den Umweltschutzdienstleistungen, insbesondere im Klimaschutz, zu erwarten.
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Employment and environmental protection in East Germany – Current state and prospects – An analysis based on the IAB company panel
Walter Komar
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 148,
2001
Abstract
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Employment in Germany´s environmental sector. An empirical analysis based on the IAB company panel
Jens Horbach, Uwe Blien, Michael von Hauff
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 132,
2001
Abstract
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Environment and land revitalization through employment promotion projects
Walter Komar
Forschungsreihe,
No. 3,
1997
Abstract
In den neuen Ländern wurden auch Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen nach § 249h des Arbeitsförderungsgesetzes für die Umweltsanierung genutzt. Auf der Basis einer Befra-gung von Projektträgern im Bereich der Bundesanstalt für Vereinigungsbedingte Sonderaufgaben wurden die Arbeitsmarkt-, Infrastruktur- und Umwelteffekte dieser ABM analysiert. Wichtige Umwelteffekte waren: die Beseitigung von Umwelt- und Altlastenschäden sowie die Vermeidung von Neuflächenverbrauch und Bodenversieglungen. Hochrechnungen zeigen bedeutsame Investitions- und Beschäftigungseffekte, die auf Gewerbeansiedlungen auf den sanierten Standorten zurückzuführen sind.
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