Measurement of Contagion in Banks' Equity Prices
Reint E. Gropp, G. Moerman
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
This paper uses the co-incidence of extreme shocks to banks’ risk to examine within-country and across country contagion among large EU banks. Banks’ risk is measured by the first difference of weekly distances to default and abnormal returns. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the paper examines whether the observed frequency of large shocks experienced by two or more banks simultaneously is consistent with the assumption of a multivariate normal or a student t distribution. Further, the paper proposes a simple metric, which is used to identify contagion from one bank to another and identify “systemically important” banks in the EU.
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Competition Policy in Central East Europe in light of EU Accession
Johannes Stephan
Journal of Common Market Studies,
2004
Abstract
This study reviews the progress made in EU accession candidates on competition policy. The analysis shows that institution-building and legislation are well under way and that anti-trust practice is not too lax. Due to the diversity among the accession countries under review, the study finds that the strictly rule-based frame work of the EU might not be the most favourable solution for some candidates: firstly, the small and open economies of most candidates make it particularly difficult to define the ‘relevant market’ in competition cases. Secondly, the traditionally intense vertical integration of production in accession states calls for a reassessment of ‘vertical restraints’. The policy implications of this study suggest that the EU competition task force should take a proactive, case-by-case approach vis-à-vis its new members.
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Information or Regulation: What Drives the International Activities of Commercial Banks?
Claudia M. Buch
Journal of Money Credit,
No. 6,
2003
Abstract
Information costs and regulatory barriers distinguish international financial markets from national ones. Using panel data on bilateral assets and liabilities of commercial banks, I empirically determine the impact of information, costs and regulations, and I isolate intra-EU financial linkages. I confirm that information costs and regulations are important factors influencing international asset choices of banks, but their relative importance differs among countries.
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EU Accession Countries’ Specialisation Patterns in Foreign Trade and Domestic Production - What can we infer for catch-up prospects?
Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 184,
2003
Abstract
This paper supplements prior analysis on ‘patterns and prospects’ (Stephan, 2003) in which prospects for the speed of future productivity growth were assessed by looking at the specialisation patterns in domestic production. This analysis adds the foreign trade sphere to the results generated in the prior analysis. The refined results are broadly in line with the results from the original analysis, indicating the robustness of our methods applied in either analysis. The most prominent results pertain to Slovenia and the Slovak Republic. Those two countries appear to be best suited for swift productivity catch-up from the viewpoint of sectoral specialisation. Poland and Estonia exhibit the lowest potentials. Only for the case of Poland would results suggest bleak prospects.
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Evolving Structural Patterns in the Enlarging European Division of Labour: Sectoral and Branch Specialisation and the Potentials for Closing the Productivity Gap
Johannes Stephan
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2003
Abstract
This report summarises the results generated in empirical analysis within a larger EU 5th FP RTD-project on the determinants of productivity gaps between the current EU-15 and accession states in Central East Europe. The focus of research in this part of the project is on sectoral specialisation patterns emerging as a result of intensifying integration between the current EU and a selection of six newly acceding economies, namely Estonia, Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Slovenia. The research-leading question is concerned with the role played by the respective specialisation patterns for (i) the explanation of observed productivity gaps and for (ii) the projection of future potentials of productivity growth in Central East Europe.
For the aggregated level, analysis determines the share of national productivity gaps accountable to acceding countries’ particular sectoral patterns, and their role for aggregate productivity growth: in Poland, the Slovak Republic and Hungary, sectoral shares of national productivity gaps are considerable and might evolve into a ‘barrier’ to productivity catch-up.Moreover, past productivity growth was dominated by a downward adjustment in employment rather than structural change. With the industrial sector of manufacturing having been identified as the main source of national productivity gaps and growth, the subsequent analysis focuses on the role of industrial specialisation patterns and develops an empirical model to project future productivity growth potentials. Each chapter closes with some policy conclusions.
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A Study of the Competitiveness of Regions based on a Cluster Analysis: The Example of East Germany
Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 179,
2003
Abstract
This paper examines whether some East German regions have already achieved the same economic capability as the regions in West Germany, so that they are on a competitive basis with the West German regions and are able to reach the same economic level in the long run. If this is not the case, it is important to know more about the reasons for the economic weakness of the East German regions twelve years after unification.
The study is based on a cluster analysis. Criteria for the cluster formation are several economic indicators, which provide information about the economic capability of regions. The choice of the indicators is based on a review of results of the theoretical and empirical literature on the new growth theory and new economic geography.
The results show that most of the East German regions have not yet reached the economic capability and competitiveness of their West German counterparts so that they - from the viewpoint of the new growth theory and the new economic geography - are not in the position to reach the same economic level. According to these theories economic disadvantages are most notably the consequences of less technical progress, a lack of entrepreneurship and fewer business concentration. Under these points it is especially noteworthy that young well educated people leave these East German regions so that human capital might will turn into a bottle-neck in the near future. Only a few regions in East Germany - those with important agglomerations - are comparable to West German regions that are characterised by average capability and competitiveness, but not to those with above average economic capability and competitiveness. Even those more advanced East German regions still suffer from a slower technical progress.
There are important policy implications based on these results: regional policy in East Germany was not able to assist raising all regions to a sufficient level of competitiveness. It may be more effective to concentrate the regional policy efforts on a selection of important agglomerations. This has also strong implications for the EU regional policy assuming that the accession countries will have similar problems in catching up to the economic level of the EU as have the East German regions.
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EU Eastern Enlargement and Structural Change: Specialization Patterns in Accession Countries and Economic Dynamics in the Single Market
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens, A. Jungmittag, C. Schumann
Diskussionsbeiträge des Europäischen Instituts für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Nr. 106,
No. 106,
2003
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht Kernfragen des Strukturwandels und der Spezialisierungsmuster in den Volkswirtschaften der erweiterten Europäischen Union. In allen Transformationsländern wurden, gemessen an Beschäftigung und Produktivität, Verschiebungen von landwirtschaftlichen und industriellen Sektor hin zum Dienstleistungssektor beobachtet – z.T. mit späteren Reindustrialisierungsphasen. Während einige Ländern, insbesondere Tschechien, Ungarn, die Slowakei, Polen, Estland und Slowenien ihre Produktivität in mittleren technologieintensiven Bereichen verbessert haben und die Technologieleiter aufwärts steigen können, bleiben andere bei einer Struktur mit vielen arbeitsintensiven Zweigen. Im Kontext der EU-Erweiterung sind handelsschaffende Effekte – insbesondere in Verbindung mit einem Anstieg des intra-industriellen Handels – und verstärkte Direktinvestitionen zu erwarten. Alle beteiligten Länder müssen sich gemäß ihren komparativen Vorteilen spezialisieren, allerdings können staatliche F&E-Ausgaben sowie Bildungsanstrengungen auf die Entwicklung solcher Vorteile Einfluss nehmen. Die Gerschenkron-Hypothese postuliert für die Beitrittsländer einen „Vorteil der Rückständigkeit“. Da diese Länder in der ersten Transformationsphase niedrige F&E-Intensitäten in der ersten Transformationsphase aufweisen, ist die Modernisierung des Bildungs- und Forschungssektors wesentlich. Für die EU-15 als Ganzes wird ein Erweiterungsgewinn erwartet, aber die Vorteile werden sich über die Länder hinweg unterschiedlich darstellen, da die ökonomische Geografie eine Rolle spielt. Österreich, Deutschland, die skandinavischen Länder, die Niederlande, Italien und Frankreich werden voraussichtlich stärker von der Erweiterung profitieren als die anderen Mitglieder der EU-15. Deutschland und Österreich spielen zusätzlich eine wichtige Rolle als Ursprungsländer für Direktinvestitionen. Es gibt noch einen erheblichen Forschungsbedarf bezüglich Ausmaß und Richtung des Strukturwandels.
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Vertical and horizontal patterns of intra-industry trade between EU and candidate countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2003
Abstract
Trade between the European Union (EU) and the Transition Economies (TE) is increasingly characterised by intra-industry trade. The decomposition of intra-industry trade into horizontal and vertical shares reveals predominantly vertical structures with decisively more quality advantages for the EU and less quality advantages for TE countries whenever trade has been liberalised. Empirical research on factors determining this structure in a EU-TE framework lags behind theoretical and empirical research on horizontal and vertical trade in other regions of the world. The main objective of this paper is therefore to contribute to the ongoing debate on EU-TE trade structures by offering an explanation of vertical trade. We utilise a cross-country approach in which relative wage differences, country size and income distribution play a leading role. We find first that relative differences in wages (per capita income) and country size explain intraindustry trade when trade is vertical and completely liberalised, and second that crosscountry differences in income distribution play no explanatory role. We conclude that EU firms have been able to increase their product quality and to shift low-quality segments to TE countries. This may suggest a product-quality cycle prevalent in EU-TE trade.
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Empirical methods for analysising the risks of financial crises
Axel Brüggemann, Thomas Linne
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2003
Abstract
he vulnerability against financial crises of EU candidate countries and other Central and East European countries is on the agenda of the Institute for Economic Research Halle. Research concentrates on the developing of effective early warning indicators and includes a strong orientation on quantitative methods. This volume presents selected methods for the analyse of financial fragility. The finding complete the signals approach, which is used by the IWH for routine checks of the risk potential of EU candidate an other countries of the region. The four studies presented here were written by the scientific staff of the IWH and by guest researchers. Their objective is to deepen insights into selected problems of financial fragility by using alternative methods.
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The Trade Potential of the Acceding Countries in the Enlarged EU
Bogdan Gorokhovskij
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2003
Abstract
In den vergangenen zehn Jahren verzeichnete derHandel der EU mit den mittel- und osteuropäischenBeitrittskandidaten überdurchschnittlicheWachstumsraten. Neben der Steigerung der Pro-Kopf-Einkommen sorgte vor allem die Reintegrationder ehemaligen Planwirtschaften in die Weltwirtschaftfür diesen signifikanten Handelsanstieg.Die Errichtung von Freihandelszonen mit den einzelnenBeitrittsländern erzeugte zusätzlich handelssteigerndeImpulse. Zukünftig könnten sich imZuge der EU-Osterweiterung Chancen für eineweitere Vertiefung der Handelsintegration mitMittel- und Osteuropa ergeben. Mit Hilfe einesGravitationsmodells des Außenhandels der EULänderkann das langfristige Potenzial im Handelmit den Beitrittsländern in der erweiterten Uniongeschätzt werden, das sich ausschließlich aus Integrationseffektenergibt. Danach wäre mit einerAusweitung des Potenzials um 20% bis 60% gegenüberdem Vergleichsjahr (2000) zu rechnen.
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