Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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The integration of imperfect financial markets: Implications for business cycle volatility
Claudia M. Buch, C. Pierdzioch
Journal of Policy Modeling,
No. 7,
2005
Abstract
During the last two decades, the degree of openness of national financial systems has increased substantially. At the same time, asymmetries in information and other financial market frictions have remained prevalent. We study the implications of the opening up of national financial systems in the presence of financial market frictions for business cycle volatility. In our empirical analysis, we show that countries with more developed financial systems have lower business cycle volatility. Financial openness has no strong impact on business cycle volatility, in contrast. In our theoretical analysis, we study the implications of the opening up of national financial markets and of financial market frictions for business cycle volatility using a dynamic macroeconomic model of an open economy. We find that the implications of opening up national financial markets for business cycle volatility are largely unaffected by the presence of financial market frictions.
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Employment effects of development of renewable energies
Steffen Hentrich, Jürgen Wiemers, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 1,
2004
Abstract
Die Bundesregierung strebt bis zum Jahr 2010 eine Verdopplung des Anteils erneuerbarer Energien am Primärenergie- sowie am Bruttostromverbrauch an. Das vorrangige Ziel der damit verbundenen Umstrukturierung des Energiesektors ist die Verbesserung der Umweltqualität. Es darf jedoch nicht außer Acht gelassen werden, dass die Förderung erneuerbarer Energien zwangsläufig auch gesamtwirtschaftliche Auswirkungen hat. Angesichts der anhaltend angespannten Lage am Arbeitsmarkt stehen dabei insbesondere die Beschäftigungseffekte der Förderung erneuerbarer Energien im Mittelpunkt des öffentlichen und wirtschaftspolitischen Interesses.
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A macroeconometric model for the Euro economy
Christian Dreger
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 181,
2003
Abstract
In this paper a structural macroeconometric model for the Eurozone is presented. In opposite to the multi country modelling approach, the model relies on aggregate data on the supra-national level. Due to nonstationarity, all equations are estimated in an error correction form. The cointegrating relations are derived jointly with the short-run dynamics, avoiding the finite sample bias of the two step Engle Granger procedure. The validity of the aggregated approach is confirmed by out-of-sample forecasts and two simulation exercises. In particular the implications of a lower economic recovery in the US and a shock in the nominal Euro area interest rate are discussed.
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The flood disaster and GDP in Germany
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2002
Abstract
Die Hochwasserkatastrope an Elbe, Donau und deren Nebenflüssen hat Schäden in Milliardenhöhe am öffentlichen und privaten Kapitalstock angerichtet. Die Sozialproduktsrechnung erfasst dagegen vor allem die Produktionsausfälle infolge der Flut sowie die Produktionsaktivitäten zur Beseitigung der Flutschäden. Die Ausfälle werden auf der Grundlage plausibler Annahmen für Deutschland insgesamt und für die am meisten betroffenen Länder Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt geschätzt. Ausgehend vom vorgesehenen Mitteleinsatz zur Beseitigung der Schäden werden die direkten Produktions- und Beschäftigungseffekte für die Wirtschaftszweige mit dem Input-Ouptput-Modell berechnet und den entgangenen Konsumeffekte infolge der Verschiebung der nächsten Stufe der Steuerreform gegenübergestellt. Nennenswerte Effekte treten per saldo vor allem im Baugewerbe auf.
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Macroeconomic Modelling of the German Economy in the Framework of Euroland
Rüdiger Pohl, Heinz P. Galler
Schriften des IWH,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
An attempt to develop a new macroeconometric model for Germany is confronted with several questions that range from the general rationality of such an approach to specific problems of an appropriate model structure. One important aspect of this discussion is the introduction of the Euro as a common currency of the European monetary union. This institutional change may result in structural breaks due to changing behavior of economic agents. In addition, the definition of the spatial unit that is appropriate for modelling becomes a problem. Additional problems come from the introduction of the European Single Market and the increasing international economic integration not only within the European union but also beyond its borders. And in the case of Germany, the unification of the West and the East demand special attention. Last but not least, the harmonization of national accounting for the member states of the European Union has to be dealt with. Thus, the introduction of the Euro as a common currency is just one problem besides others that must be addressed.
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Implications of the monetary union for macroeconomic models
Rüdiger Pohl, Heinz P. Hrsg. Galler
Schriften des IWH,
No. 8,
2001
Abstract
Mit der Einführung der Europäischen Währungsunion haben sich strukturelle und institutionelle Veränderungen ergeben, die bei der Evaluation wirtschaftspolitischer Maßnahmen auf der Basis makroökonometrischer Modelle in Rechnung gestellt werden müssen. So wird die Geldpolitik nur noch einheitlich für den Raum der Währungsunion durchgeführt und ist daher nicht länger Instrument der nationalen Wirtschaftspolitik. Dagegen dürfte die Lohnpolitik eine stärkere Rolle für die Entwicklung der Beschäf tigung einnehmen. Bei einer gegebenen Inflationsrate in der Währungsunion schlagen sich regionale Erhöhungen der Nominallöhne in gleichgerichteten Reallohnsteigerungen nieder. Sofern diese nicht durch die im Zeitpunkt der Lohnverhandlungen erwartete nationale Produktivitätsentwicklung gedeckt ist, ergeben sich unmittelbar Wettbe werbsnachteile für die inländischen Unternehmen, die nicht mehr über eine Änderung der Währungsparitäten kompensiert werden können.
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SLOPOL1: A Macroeconomic Model for Slovenia
Klaus Weyerstraß
Externe Publikationen,
2001
Abstract
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SLOPOL.A Macroeconomic Model for Slovenia
Klaus Weyerstraß
Externe Publikationen,
2001
Abstract
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SLOPOL. A Macroeconomic Model for Slovenia
Klaus Weyerstraß
Externe Publikationen,
2001
Abstract
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