Exports Versus FDI Revisited: Does Finance Matter?
Claudia M. Buch
Bundesbank Discussion Paper 03/2010,
2010
Abstract
This paper explores the impact of financial constraints on the internationalization
strategies of firms. It contributes to the literature by focusing on three aspects: First, the paper studies the impact of financial constraints on exporting relative to FDI. Consistent with theory, the empirical results confirm that the impact of financial constraints is stronger for FDI than for exporting. Second, the paper analyzes the extensive and the intensive margins and finds that financial frictions matter for both. Third, the paper explores the impact on manufacturing as compared to service industries and shows that firms in service industries are affected more than firms in manufacturing. The paper also identifies a threshold effect: Financial constraints do not matter for small firms whose productivity seems to be too low to consider international expansions.
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May Cities in De-Industrialized Regions Become Hot Spots for Attracting Cultural Businesses? The Case of Media Industry in Halle an der Saale (Germany)
Christoph Hornych, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
European Planning Studies,
2010
Abstract
Policy-makers from many regions where old industrial structures in the field of manufacturing have collapsed are trying to stimulate entrepreneurial activities of businesses in the cultural industry. The question is whether this strategy could be successful. This article examines the strategy of supporting the sector of media industry (“MI”) by policy-makers in the region of Halle in East Germany, where a strong de-industrialization has taken place after the German reunification. Stimulated by the policy-makers' support measures, there actually was a remarkable development of MI. However, the number of MI firms and their employees did not further increase in recent years, after having reached a certain level. This illustrates the limits of political measures for turning a city's path of industrial development voluntarily.
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Technology Clubs, R&D and Growth Patterns: Evidence from EU Manufacturing
Claire Economidou, J. W. B. Bos, Michael Koetter
European Economic Review,
No. 1,
2010
Abstract
This paper investigates the forces driving output change in a panel of EU manufacturing industries. A flexible modeling strategy is adopted that accounts for: (i) inefficient use of resources and (ii) differences in the production technology across industries. With our model we are able to identify technical, efficiency, and input growth for endogenously determined technology clubs. Technology club membership is modeled as a function of R&D intensity. This framework allows us to explore the components of output growth in each club, technology spillovers and catch-up issues across industries and countries.
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Industry Concentration and Regional Innovative Performance – Empirical Evidence for Eastern Germany
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz
Post-Communist Economies,
2009
Abstract
Regarding technological innovativeness, the transformed economy of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) clearly lags behind the western part of the country. To face this weakness a broad mixture of policy measures was carried out in recent years. Particular attention is drawn to the development of industry concentrations and economic ‘clusters’. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policy measures regarding how industry concentrations in fact promote innovative performance in Eastern Germany. The present study tries to fill this gap by analysing the relationship between industry concentration in Eastern Germany and regional innovative performance. Our empirical analysis is based upon the number of patent applications of 22 manufacturing industries in 22 Eastern German planning regions. The estimated regression models indicate an inverted-U relationship between the degree of industry concentration and innovative performance. An exceedingly high degree of industry concentration in one region hampers regional innovative output. We discuss policy implications of our findings and give recommendations for future refinement of ‘cluster’-supporting policy schemes in Eastern Germany.
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Urban Growth in Germany – The Impact of Localization and Urbanization Economies
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz, Annette Illy, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 19,
2009
Abstract
This study examines the impact of localization and urbanization economies as well as the impact of city size on urban growth in German cities from 2003 to 2007. Although, from a theoretical perspective, agglomeration economies are supposed to have positive impacts on regional growth, prior empirical studies do not show consistent results. Especially little is known about agglomeration economies in Germany, where interregional support policy and the characteristics of the federal system are further determinants of urban growth. The results of the econometric analysis show a U-shaped relationship between specialization and urban growth, which particularly holds for manufacturing industries. We do not find evidence for the impact of Jacobs-externalities; however, city size shows a positive (but decreasing) effect on urban growth.
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The Manufacturing Sector in East Germany on a Path from De-industrialization to Re-industrialization: Are there Economically Sustainable Structures?
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit - Teil 1 -
2009
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht, welche Entwicklung die ostdeutsche Industrie in der Zeit nach dem Übergang in die Marktwirtschaft genommen hat und ob die hinter den wirtschaftlichen Ergebnissen stehenden Faktoren und Strukturen Merkmale wirtschaftlicher Nachhaltigkeit aufweisen. Gemessen an den wirtschaftlichen Ergebnissen wurde seit Beginn der 90er Jahre viel erreicht: Die Bruttowertschöpfung ist auf das Zweieinhalbfache gestiegen, die industrielle Produktivität liegt bei reichlich vier Fünfteln des westdeutschen Vergleichswertes. Die Produktivitätssteigerung allerdings ging mit einer Halbierung der Industriebeschäftigung im Zeitraum von 1991 bis 2008 einher, trotz eines leichten Zuwachses in den Jahren 2006 bis 2008. Die Lage und Entwicklung der Industrie in den einzelnen Neuen Ländern stellt sich allerdings sehr unterschiedlich dar. Beim industriellen Beschäftigtenbesatz liegt das Bundesland Thüringen vor einigen westdeutschen Bundesländern.
Bei den hinter den Ergebnissen stehenden Faktoren und Strukturen deutet nicht alles auf ökonomische Nachhaltigkeit hin. Zwar wurde im Vergleich zur westdeutschen Industrie überdurchschnittlich viel in die Modernisierung des Sachkapitalstocks investiert, und beim Humankapital verfügt die ostdeutsche Industrie über einen Anteil von Beschäftigten mit Hoch- und Fachschulabschluss, der jenem in Westdeutschland entspricht. Doch bei den Forschungs- und Entwicklungs-(FuE-)Aktivitäten, die für ökonomisch nachhaltige, sprich zukunftsgerichtete, Industrieaktivitäten stehen, offenbaren sich gemessen an wichtigen Inputgrößen Defizite. Letztere resultieren aus den strukturellen Besonderheiten der ostdeutschen Industrie, zu denen nicht zuletzt die Dominanz kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen und das Fehlen größerer Unternehmen gehören. Mit der inputseitig schwach ausgeprägten FuE im Unternehmenssektor korrespondiert ein vergleichsweise geringer Anteil technologieintensiver Branchen, während der Anteil arbeitsintensiver Branchen höher als in den Alten Bundesländern ausfällt. Ein weiterer Wandel hin zu nachhaltigeren Industriestrukturen wird also nottun. Denn aus wachstumstheoretischer Sicht lässt sich ein dauerhafter Wachstumspfad hauptsächlich mit technologieintensiven Produktionen verwirklichen. Arbeitsintensive Branchen stehen dagegen im internationalen Wettbewerb besonders unter Kostendruck. Auch die funktionalen Strukturen offenbaren in puncto ökonomischer Nachhaltigkeit Defizite. Der Anteil von Beschäftigten in industriellen Fertigungsfunktionen liegt über den westdeutschen Verhältnissen, und jener in hochwertigen -Dienstleistungs- ebenso wie in den übrigen Dienstleistungsfunktionen liegt darunter. Dies weist erneut auf den Mangel an Unternehmen mit Führungsfunktionen in den Neuen Ländern hin. Will die ostdeutsche Industrie auf dauerhaftem Wachstumskurs bleiben, wird demnach ein weiterer Strukturwandel zugunsten technologie- und humankapitalintensiver Produktionen erforderlich sein, den die Wirtschaftspolitik durch günstige Rahmenbedingungen unterstützen sollte.
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Investment (FDI) Policy for Azerbaijan, Final report
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
The report has been prepared on behalf of the Association for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) as integral part of the “Private Sector Development Program” run by the GTZ in Azerbaijan. A comprehensive investment policy is outlined with particular focus on the possibilities to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in Azerbaijan’s manufacturing industry (non-oil sector). The report makes particular reference to the experiences with investment policy development in Central and East European transition economies. It touches legal and institutional framework conditions in Azerbaijan as well as possible investment incentives schemes including investment promotion. Major recommendations refer to trade integration within the region, introduction of tax incentives as well as further improvements in business climate. Furthermore, the importance of complementary policies, such as competition and education policy, is stressed.
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Industry Concentration and Regional Innovative Performance – Empirical Evidence for Eastern Germany
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2009
Abstract
Regarding technological innovativeness, the transformed economy of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) clearly lags behind the Western part of the country. To face this weakness, a broad mixture of policy measures was carried out in recent years. Particular attention is drawn to the development of industry concentrations and economic ‘clusters’. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policy measures regarding how industry concentrations in fact promote innovative performance in Eastern Germany. The present study tries to fill this gap by analyzing the relationship between industry concentration in Eastern Germany and regional innovative performance. Our empirical analysis is based upon the number of patent applications of 22 manufacturing industries in 22 Eastern German planning regions. The estimated regression models indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of industry concentration and innovative performance. An exceedingly high degree of industry concentration in one region hampers regional innovative output. We discuss policy implications of our findings and give recommendations for future refinement of ‘cluster’-supporting policy schemes in Eastern Germany.
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Does Export Openness Increase Firm-level Output Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch, Jörg Döpke, H. Strotmann
World Economy,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
There is a widespread concern that increased trade may lead to increased instability and thus risk at the firm level. Greater export openness can indeed affect firm-level volatility by changing the exposure and the reaction of firms to macroeconomic developments. The net effect is ambiguous from a theoretical point of view. This paper provides firm-level evidence on the link between openness and volatility. Using comprehensive data on more than 21,000 German manufacturing firms for the period 1980–2001, we analyse the evolution of firm-level output volatility and the link between volatility and export openness. Our paper has three main findings. First, firm-level output volatility is significantly higher than the level of aggregate volatility, but it displays similar patterns. Second, increased export openness lowers firm-level output volatility. This effect is primarily driven by variations along the extensive margin, i.e. by the distinction between exporters and non-exporters. Variations along the intensive margin, i.e. the volume of exports, tend to have a dampening impact on volatility as well. Third, small firms are more volatile than large firms.
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Is There a Way for Old Industrial Districts to Become Attractive for Cultural Industry? The Case of Media Businesses in Halle (Saale), Germany
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Christoph Hornych
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 15,
2008
Abstract
manufacturing have collapsed are trying to stimulate entrepreneurial activities of businesses in the cultural industry. The question is whether this strategy could be successful. This article examines the strategy of supporting the sector of Media Industry (´MI´) by policy makers in the region of Halle in East Germany, where a strong de-industrialization has taken place after the German reunification. Stimulated by the policy makers’ support measures, there actually was a remarkable development of MI. However, the number of MI firms and their employees did not further increase in recent years, after having reached a certain level. This illustrates the limits of political measures for turning a city’s path of industrial development voluntarily.
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