Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
No. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
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Cross-border Banking and Transmission Mechanisms in Europe: Evidence from German Data
Claudia M. Buch
Applied Financial Economics,
No. 16,
2004
Abstract
International activities of commercial banks play a potential role for the transmission of shocks across countries. This paper presents stylized facts of the integration of European banking markets and analyses the potential of banks to transmit shocks across countries. Although the openness of banking systems has increased, bilateral financial linkages among EU countries are relatively small. The exceptions are claims of German banks on a number of smaller countries. These data are used for an analysis of the determinants of cross-border lending patterns.
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Technological capability of foreign and West German investors in East Germany
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 189,
2004
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role for countries or regions in the process of economic catching-up since it is assumed – among other things – that FDI brings in new production technology and knowledge. This paper gives an overview about the development of FDI in East Germany based on official data provided by the Federal Bank of Germany. The investigation also includes a comparison of FDI in East Germany to Central East European countries. But the main focus of the paper is an analysis of the technological capability comparing majority foreign and West German owned firms to majority East German owned firms. It shows that foreign and West German subsidiaries in East Germany are indeed characterized by superior technological capability with respect to all indicators looked at (product innovation, research & development, organizational changes etc.).
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Bank Concentration and Retail Interest Rates
S. Corvoisier, Reint E. Gropp
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
The recent wave of mergers in the euro area raises the question whether the increase in concentration has offset the increase in competition in European banking through deregulation. We test this question by estimating a simple Cournot model of bank pricing. We construct country and product specific measures of bank concentration and find that for loans and demand deposits increasing concentration may have resulted in less competitive pricing by banks, whereas for savings and time deposits, the model is rejected, suggesting increases in contestability and/or efficiency in these markets. Finally, the paper discusses some implications for tests of the effect of concentration on monetary policy transmission.
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Financial fragility and exchange rate arrangements of EU candidate countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 156,
2002
Abstract
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Charity engagement of german savings banks: extent and regional effects
Martin Wengler
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2001
Abstract
Die Sparkassengruppe kommt ihrem im Rahmen des öffentlichen Auftrags geforderten gemeinnützigen Engagement mit erheblichem Mitteleinsatz nach. Im Jahr 2000 wurden insgesamt 542 Mio. DM für gemeinnützige Zwecke zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Höhe der Förderung und die Art der Mittelverwendung erfolgen dabei sowohl auf Verbands- als auch auf Sparkassenebene regional differenziert. Dies legt die Vermutung nahe, dass die Mittel problemorientiert eingesetzt werden und somit einen Abbau vorhandener sozialer Disparitäten unterstützen.
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Korean unification and banking system - An analysis in view of German experiences and Korean differences
Ralf Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 139,
2001
Abstract
One of the reforms that have to be launched in a future unification process in Korea, which seems possible after the political negotiations last year, is the transformation of the North Korean banking system. The question arises whether Korea could profit from the German experience where banking transformation was one of the rather few success stories in unification. In 1990 the East German banking transformation was achieved relatively fast and uncomplicated due to considerable direct investments of the West German banks compounded with state guarantees for bad loans resulting from the credit business with existing GDR-corporations. Unfortunately, South Korea currently lacks some major prerequesites that contributed to the German banking unification, among them – and probably the most important one – is the lack of a sound and efficient banking
system that could become active in the North. Consequently, depending on the circumstances of a future Korean unification either a more gradual process is recommended or, if inner-Korean migration requires a more dynamic transition, considerable investment by foreign banks and assistance from international organisations is recommended.
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Energy saving in East German tenanted dwellings: More investment incentives required
Steffen Hentrich
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
1999
Abstract
Fast ein Viertel der gesamtdeutschen Emissionen des Klimaschadstoffs Kohlendioxid wird vom Raumwärmeverbrauch verursacht. Doch bestehen gerade hier große Minderungspotentiale, deren Nutzung oft allein wegen der damit verbundene Energiekostensenkung lohnenswert ist. Obgleich dies insbesondere für den Mietwohnungsbestand der neuen Bundesländer gilt, wird immer noch ein großer Teil der ostdeutschen Mietwohnungen modernen wärme- und heizungstechnischen Standards nicht gerecht. Nach wie vor sorgen Finanzierungsprobleme ostdeutscher Vermieter dafür, daß der Instandsetzungsstau nur langsam abnimmt und Energiesparmaßnahmen unterbleiben. Aber auch dort, wo bereits modernisiert wird, sind die Anreize, Investitionen an einer optimalen Nutzung der Energiesparpotentiale auszurichten, nicht ausreichend. Das nunmehr auch in Ostdeutschland geltende Vergleichsmietensystem kann dieses Defizit – dem das Auseinanderfallen der Adressaten von Kosten und Nutzen energiesparender Maßnahmen
zugrunde liegt – nicht kompensieren. Ordnungsrechtliche Vorgaben und förderpolitische Maßnahmen allein sind kaum geeignet, dieses Dilemma zu entschärfen. Sollen die Energiepreissteigerungen im Zuge der Ökosteuerreform wirksame Investitionsanreize auslösen, ist eine Verbesserung der Anreizkompatibilität des Vergleichsmietensystems, ergänzt um eine Anpassung der relevanten technischen Verordnungen und Förderrichtlinien, notwendig.
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EKO-Stahl GmbH: Der lange Weg zur Erneuerung eines Unternehmens und einer Region
Manfred Wilhelm
Herausforderung Ostdeutschland – Fünf Jahre Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion,
1995
Abstract
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The Impact of Social Security Contributions on Savings: An Analysis of German Households by Category
Ulrich Blum, Marc Gaudry
Jahrbuch für Sozialwissenschaft,
No. 2,
1990
Abstract
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