Aktuelle Trends: Der Geldmultiplikator: Eingeschränkte Geldschöpfung im Euroraum und in den USA
Makram El-Shagi
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2012
Abstract
Über Jahre stabile Zusammenhänge der Geldpolitik sind in den Turbulenzen im Bankensektor im Zuge der jüngsten Krisen zusammengebrochen. Durch die starken Veränderungen auf dem Bankenmarkt – nicht zuletzt das in der Krise erschütterte und nur teilweise zurückgekehrte Vertrauen der Banken untereinander – hat sich die Transmission der Geldpolitik auf die Geldmenge stark verändert.
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Im Fokus: Löhne in Deutschland: Spreizung zwischen den Branchen nimmt zu
Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2012
Abstract
Die Reallöhne in Deutschland sind viele Jahre in Folge gesunken bzw. stagnierten. Dies wird häufig als Grund sowohl für die günstige Wettbewerbsposition im Exportbereich als auch für die Konsumzurückhaltung der privaten Haushalte angeführt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Lohnentwicklung in Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahren. Dabei wird deutlich, dass sich in den letzten Jahren Niedrig- und Hochlohnbranchen herausgebildet haben. Diese Lohnspreizung wurde letztlich durch Marktmechanismen hervorgerufen. So erhöhten sich die Reallöhne in Branchen mit guter Nachfrage stärker als in Branchen in einem schwierigen Marktumfeld. Die Durchsetzbarkeit von höheren Preisen für die angebotenen Güter dürfte ebenso wie Knappheiten auf sektoralen Arbeitsmärkten bei der Lohnfindung eine Rolle spielen.
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State Aid in the Enlarged European Union: Taking Stock
Jens Hölscher, Nicole Nulsch, Johannes Stephan
From Global Crisis to Economic Growth. Which Way to Take?, Vol. 1,
2012
Abstract
In the early phase of transition that started with the 1990s, Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) pursued economic restructuring that involved massive injections of state support. With reference to the history of state aids in centrally planned economies we display state aid practices of CEECs since full EU membership and analyse whether their industrial policies during and after transition challenged the European state aid legislation and whether these fit into the EUs strategy of ‘less but better targeted aid’. Therefore, qualitative analysis in case studies is used to supplement a quantitative description of state aid levels in East and West. Findings suggest that in recent years a level playing field across the EU has indeed emerged. In fact, the most pronounced differences in this respect are not observed between CEECs and the EU-15 but rather between Northern and Southern member states.
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Intellectual Property Rights Policy, Competition and Innovation
Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit
Journal of the European Economic Association,
No. 1,
2012
Abstract
To what extent and in what form should the intellectual property rights (IPR) of innovators be protected? Should a company with a large technology lead over its rivals receive the same IPR protection as a company with a more limited advantage? In this paper, we develop a dynamic framework for the study of the interactions between IPR and competition, in particular to understand the impact of such policies on future incentives. The economy consists of many industries and firms engaged in cumulative (step-by-step) innovation. IPR policy regulates whether followers in an industry can copy the technology of the leader. We prove the existence of a steady-state equilibrium and characterize some of its properties. We then quantitatively investigate the implications of different types of IPR policy on the equilibrium growth rate and welfare. The most important result from this exercise is that full patent protection is not optimal; instead, optimal policy involves state-dependent IPR protection, providing greater protection to technology leaders that are further ahead than those that are close to their followers. This is because of a trickle-down effect: providing greater protection to firms that are further ahead of their followers than a certain threshold increases the R&D incentives also for all technology leaders that are less advanced than this threshold.
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Incubator Organizations as Entrepreneurship and SME Policy Instrument in Transition Economies: A Survey among six Countries
Michael Schwartz, Sebastian Blesse
Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
Within incubator-incubation research, there is a predominant focus on incubator organizations located in industrialized or developed economies. Knowledge regarding the evolution of incubators located in transition economies is almost non-existent. However, meanwhile a significant number of incubators have been established since the fall of the iron curtain in many Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries as well. Here, the present paper sets in through providing evidence on the development, distribution and structural characteristics of incubators in six selected CEE countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia). We show that incubator organizations have become a central element of support infrastructure for SME and entrepreneurship in CEE countries during the past 20 years. We further argue that by drawing upon the accumulated experience with incubators in developed Western (European) economies, there are important lessons to be learned for incubator stakeholders in transition economies. We, therefore, outline particular suggestions considered to be vital for long-term successful incubation processes in transition economies.
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New Energies in Peripheral Areas - Creation and Development of Photovoltaic Industry in Freiberg, Saxony
Matthias Brachert, Christoph Hornych
D. Keppler, B. Nölting, C. Schröder (Hrsg.), Neue Energie im Osten - Gestaltung des Umbruchs, Perspektiven für eine zukunftsfähige sozial-ökologische Energiewende,
2011
Abstract
Der Beitrag beschreibt die Transformation der Freiberger Wirtschaft ausgehend vom dem auf die DDR-Halbleiterindustrie orientierten „VEB Spurenmetalle Freiberg“ hin zur heutigen Photovoltaik-Industrie und analysiert, welche Rolle lokale und regionale Rahmenbedingungen bei der Entwicklung der Photovoltaik-Industrie am Standort gespielt haben. Er zeigt ferner, wie die Photovoltaik-Industrie mit lokalen Akteuren zusammenarbeitet, und beschreibt die Effekte aus der Interaktion der Photovoltaik-Industrie mit der Region.
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The Impact of Government Procurement Composition on Private R&D Activities
Viktor Slavtchev, Simon Wiederhold
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of whether government procurement can work as a de facto innovation policy tool. We develop an endogenous growth model with quality-improving in-novation that incorporates industries with heterogeneous innovation sizes. Government demand in high-tech industries increases the market size in these industries and, with it, the incentives for private firms to invest in R&D. At the economy-wide level, the additional R&D induced in high-tech industries outweighs the R&D foregone in all remaining industries. The implications of the model are empirically tested using a unique data set that includes federal procurement in U.S. states. We find evidence that a shift in the composition of government purchases toward high-tech industries indeed stimulates privately funded company R&D.
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Competition, Risk-shifting, and Public Bail-out Policies
Reint E. Gropp, H. Hakenes, Isabel Schnabel
Review of Financial Studies,
No. 6,
2011
Abstract
This article empirically investigates the competitive effects of government bail-out policies. We construct a measure of bail-out perceptions by using rating information. From there, we construct the market shares of insured competitor banks for any given bank, and analyze the impact of this variable on banks' risk-taking behavior, using a large sample of banks from OECD countries. Our results suggest that government guarantees strongly increase the risk-taking of competitor banks. In contrast, there is no evidence that public guarantees increase the protected banks' risk-taking, except for banks that have outright public ownership. These results have important implications for the effects of the recent wave of bank bail-outs on banks' risk-taking behavior.
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Entrepreneurial Opportunity and the Formation of Photovoltaic Clusters in Eastern Germany
Matthias Brachert, Christoph Hornych
R. Wüstenhagen, R. Wuebker (Hrsg.), Handbook of Research on Energy Entrepreneurship,
2011
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain the evolution of the spatial structures of one particular type of renewable energy in Germany – the photovoltaic (PV) industry. We first demonstrate how environmental movements have contributed to institutional change and government action, leading to changes in the legal and regulative structure in Germany. We describe how these changes opened up a window of locational opportunity (WLO), thus combining the WLO concept with the entrepreneurial opportunity concept. As market entries occurred mainly in Eastern Germany, the paper also explores the factors leading to a concentration of economic activity related to the new PV industry in this part of the country. Based on the WLO concept, we combine this framework with the industrial dynamics literature by Klepper (2007) and illustrate the spatial evolution of the PV industry.
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