The Great Risk Shift? Income Volatility in an International Perspective
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2465,
2008
Abstract
Weakening bargaining power of unions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This paper documents and explains changes in income volatility. Using a theoretical framework which builds distribution risk into a real business cycle model, hypotheses on the determinants of the relative volatility of capital and labor are derived. The model is tested using industry-level data. The data cover 11 industrialized countries, 22 manufacturing and services industries, and a maximum of 35 years. The paper has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor and capital incomes has declined, reflecting the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the idiosyncratic component of income volatility has hardly changed over time. Third, crosssectional heterogeneity in the evolution of relative income volatilities is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile in relative terms. Fourth, income volatility is related to variables measuring the bargaining power of workers. Trade openness has no significant impact.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from manufacturing industries
Jutta Günther, Johannes Stephan, Björn Jindra
Applied Economics Quarterly Supplement,
No. 59,
2008
Abstract
Die Veröffentlichung analysiert das Ausmaß technologischer Leistungsfähigkeit auf ausländische Tochtergesellschaften, welche in Ostdeutschland angesiedelt sind. Darüber hinaus betrachtet es Determinanten des technologischen Beschaffungsverhaltens ausländischer Tochtergesellschaften. Die Theorie der internationalen Produktion unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit von Variablen auf der strategischen und regionalen Ebene. Dennoch lassen existierende empirische Studien im Großen und Ganzen Faktoren auf regionaler Ebene aus. Wir entnehmen die Studienergebnisse aus der „ADI Mikrodatenbank“ des IWH, welche erst seit kurzem zur Verfügung steht, um die Analyse durchzuführen. Wir fanden heraus, dass ausländische Tochtergesellschaften im Vergleich zum gesamten verarbeitenden Gewerbe in Ostdeutschland überdurchschnittlich technologisch aktiv sind. Dies kann teilweise durch die industrielle Struktur der ausländischen Direktinvestitionen erklärt werden. Dennoch bezieht nur ein begrenzter Teil ausländischer Tochtergesellschaften mit F&E und/oder Innovationsaktivitäten technologisches Wissen aus dem ostdeutschen Innovationssystem. Wenn eine Tochtergesellschaft die Strategie der Kompetenzvermehrung verfolgt oder lokalen Handel betreibt, dann bezieht sie eher technologisches Wissen lokal. Die Ausstattung einer Region mit Humankapital und wissenschaftlicher Infrastruktur hat ebenfalls einen positiven Effekt. Diese Ergebnisse lassen schlussfolgern, dass ausländische Tochtergesellschaften in Ostdeutschland nur teilweise mit dem regionalen Innovationssystem verbunden sind. Strategien werden diskutiert.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from Manufacturing Industries
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
This paper analyses the extent of technological capability of foreign subsidiaries located in East Germany, and looks at the determinants of foreign subsidiaries’ technological sourcing behaviour. The theory of international production underlines the importance of strategic and regional level variables. However, existing empirical approaches omit by and large regional level factors. We employ survey evidence from the “FDI micro data- base” of the IWH, that was only recently made available, to conduct our analyses. We find that foreign subsidiaries are above average technologically active in comparison to the whole East German manufacturing. This can be partially explained by the industrial structure of foreign direct investment. However, only a limited share of foreign subsidiaries with R&D and/or innovation activity source technological knowledge from the East German innovation system. If a subsidiary follows a competence augmenting strategy or does local trade, it is more likely to source technological knowledge locally. The endowment of a region with human capital and a scientific infrastructure has a positive effect too. The findings suggest that foreign subsidiaries in East Germany are only partially linked with the regional innovation system. Policy implications are discussed.
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Does Qualification Drive Innovation? A Microeconometric Analysis Using Linked-employer-employee Data
Bianca Brandenburg, Jutta Günther, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Degree-level science and engineering skills as well as management and leadership skills are often referred to as a source of innovative activities within companies. Broken down by sectoral innovation patterns, this article examines the role of formal education and actual occupation for product innovation performance in manufacturing firms within a probit model. It uses unique micro data for Germany (LIAB) that contain detailed information about innovative activities and the qualification of employees. We find significant differences of the human capital endowment between sectors differentiated according to the Pavitt classification. Sectors with a high share of highly skilled employees engage in product innovation above average (specialized suppliers and science based industries). According to our hitherto estimation results, within these sectors the share of highly skilled employees does not, however, substantially increase the probability to be an innovative firm.
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Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches
Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
2006
Abstract
This research assesses the firm-specific reasons for lower producitivity levels between West and East German firms. The study is based on a unique data-base generated by field-work in the two particularly important sectors of machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in explaining lower productivity levels, as well as particularly networking activities, and the use of modern technologies for communication. Classifying those as management-functions beyond the organisation of the production process itself, we identify management deficits as the main specific determinants of productivity gaps between West and East German firms.
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Can Export Activities of Firms Contribute to the Catching-Up Process of Transitional Economies?
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Can the transitional and development economies ever catch up? The Materials from The International Scientific Conference Cracow,
2006
Abstract
In contrast to the majority of the former centrally planned economies, the East German economy has suffered from enormous losses in the transformation process. In the study the question is analyzed whether exports can contribute to the catching-up process in transitional economies. Here it must be explained why the firms emerging out of the privatization process in economies in transition are successful if the export sector consists of small and medium sized enterprises. That is the case with East German manufacturing industry. The study is based on individual company data from the surveys of the East Germany's and North Rhine Westphalia's manufacturing industry between 1995 and 2001 stemming from official statistics.
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Is co-determination economically reasonable? East German manufacturing and construction as examples
Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2005
Abstract
In der öffentlichen Diskussion gibt es teilweise sehr kontroverse Argumentationen dazu, wie betriebliche Mitbestimmung durch den Betriebsrat auf personalpolitische und wirtschaftliche Belange in den Betrieben wirkt. Theoriegeleitete Publikationen zu diesem Themenbereich weisen hingegen vorwiegend auf positive Effekte sowohl für die Belegschaft als auch für das Management hin. Aus diesem Grund wird empirisch untersucht, welche Wirkung Betriebsräte auf die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung haben. In Betrieben mit einer günstigen Ertragslage im Status quo und einem Betriebsrat zeigt sich ein positiver Effekt auf den Beschäftigungsaufbau und auf die zukünftige Ertragslage. Ursprünglich ertragsstarke Betriebe ohne Betriebsrat verschlechtern im Vergleich dazu ihre wirtschaftliche Position. Hingegen haben Betriebe mit einem Betriebsrat gegenüber vergleichbaren Betrieben ohne Betriebsrat bei einer ungünstigen Ertragslage keine beobachtbaren größeren Schwierigkeiten, notwendige Beschäftigungsanpassungen vorzunehmen.
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IWH Industry Survey East Germany early 2005: East German manufacturing industry benefits from a strong expansion of foreign markets in 2004
Sophie Wörsdorfer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Die zaghafte konjunkturelle Belebung der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft im Jahr 2004 mit einer Zuwachsrate des realen Bruttoinlandsprodukts in Höhe von 1,5% (bzw. 1,2% mit Berlin) wurde im Wesentlichen von dem sich außerordentlich dynamisch entwickelnden Verarbeitenden Gewerbe getragen, welches geschätzt rund 18% der Wirtschaftsleistung der Neuen Länder (ohne Berlin) erbringt und seine reale Bruttowertschöpfung im vergangenen Jahr gegenüber 2003 um 9,6% steigern konnte; Zuwachsraten dieser Größenordnung waren zuletzt im Jahr 2000 erreicht worden. Die Umsätze des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes legten 2004 – vorläufigen Angaben zufolge – um 8,1% zu, wobei die Umsatzentwicklung im Ausland mit einem Plus von 9,4% gegenüber 2003 noch etwas dynamischer als im Inland verlief (+7,6%). Der Arbeitsmarkt profitierte davon allerdings kaum: im Jahr 2004 waren in der ostdeutschen Industrie lediglich knapp 7000 Personen mehr als im Vorjahr beschäftigt (das entspricht einem Zuwachs von 1,1%).
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Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
No. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
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Is East Germany successful in catching up? An empirical investigation of the technological capability in manufacturing industry
Jutta Günther, Harald Lehmann
VEST Journal for Science and Technology Studies,
No. 1,
2004
Abstract
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