Sign Restrictions, Structural Vector Autoregressions, and Useful Prior Information
Christiane Baumeister, James D. Hamilton
Econometrica,
No. 5,
2015
Abstract
This paper makes the following original contributions to the literature. (i) We develop a simpler analytical characterization and numerical algorithm for Bayesian inference in structural vector autoregressions (VARs) that can be used for models that are overidentified, just‐identified, or underidentified. (ii) We analyze the asymptotic properties of Bayesian inference and show that in the underidentified case, the asymptotic posterior distribution of contemporaneous coefficients in an n‐variable VAR is confined to the set of values that orthogonalize the population variance–covariance matrix of ordinary least squares residuals, with the height of the posterior proportional to the height of the prior at any point within that set. For example, in a bivariate VAR for supply and demand identified solely by sign restrictions, if the population correlation between the VAR residuals is positive, then even if one has available an infinite sample of data, any inference about the demand elasticity is coming exclusively from the prior distribution. (iii) We provide analytical characterizations of the informative prior distributions for impulse‐response functions that are implicit in the traditional sign‐restriction approach to VARs, and we note, as a special case of result (ii), that the influence of these priors does not vanish asymptotically. (iv) We illustrate how Bayesian inference with informative priors can be both a strict generalization and an unambiguous improvement over frequentist inference in just‐identified models. (v) We propose that researchers need to explicitly acknowledge and defend the role of prior beliefs in influencing structural conclusions and we illustrate how this could be done using a simple model of the U.S. labor market.
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Support for Public Research Spin-offs by the Parent Organizations and the Speed of Commercialization
Viktor Slavtchev, D. Göktepe-Hultén
Abstract
We empirically analyze whether support by the parent organization in the early (nascent and seed) stage speeds up the process of commercialization and helps spin-offs from public research organizations generate first revenues sooner. To identify the impact of support by the parent organization, we apply multivariate regression techniques as well as an instrumental variable approach. Our results show that support in the early stage by the parent organization can speed up commercialization. Moreover, we identify two distinct channels - the help in developing a business plan and in acquiring external capital - through which support by the parent organization can enable spin-offs to generate first revenues sooner.
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The Structure and Evolution of Inter-sectoral Technological Complementarity in R&D in Germany from 1990 to 2011
T. Broekel, Matthias Brachert
Journal of Evolutionary Economics,
No. 4,
2015
Abstract
Technological complementarity is argued to be a crucial element for effective R&D collaboration. The real structure is, however, still largely unknown. Based on the argument that organizations’ knowledge resources must fit for enabling collective learning and innovation, we use the co-occurrence of firms in collaborative R&D projects in Germany to assess inter-sectoral technological complementarity between 129 sectors. The results are mapped as complementarity space for the Germany economy. The space and its dynamics from 1990 to 2011 are analyzed by means of social network analysis. The results illustrate sectors being complements both from a dyadic and portfolio/network perspective. This latter is important, as complementarities may only become fully effective when integrated in a complete set of different knowledge resources from multiple sectors. The dynamic perspective moreover reveals the shifting demand for knowledge resources among sectors at different time periods.
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R&D Cooperation with Scientific Institutions: A Difference-in-difference Approach
Gunnar Pippel, V. Seefeld
Economics of Innovation and New Technology,
No. 5,
2016
Abstract
Economists and business managers have long been interested in the impact of research and development (R&D) cooperation with scientific institutions on the innovation performance of firms. Recent research identifies a positive correlation between these two variables. This paper aims to contribute to the identification of the relationship between R&D cooperation with scientific institutions and the product and process innovation performance of firms by using a difference-in-difference approach. In doing so, we distinguish between two different types of scientific institutions: universities and governmental research institutes. For the econometric analyses, we use data from the German Community Innovation Survey. In total, data from up to 560 German service and manufacturing firms are available for the difference-in-difference analyses. The results suggest that R&D cooperation with universities and governmental research institutes has a positive effect on both product innovation and process innovation performance of firms.
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Taking the First Step - What Determines German Laser Source Manufacturers' Entry into Innovation Networks?
Jutta Günther, Muhamed Kudic, Andreas Pyka
International Journal of Innovation Management,
No. 5,
2015
Abstract
Early access to technological knowledge embodied in the industry’s innovation network can provide an important competitive advantage to firms. While the literature provides much evidence on the positive effects of innovation networks on firms’ performance, not much is known about the determinants of firms’ initial entry into such networks. We analyze firms’ timing and propensity to enter the industry’s innovation network. More precisely, we seek to shed some light on the factors affecting the duration between firm founding and its first cooperation event. In doing so, we apply a unique longitudinal event history dataset based on the full population of German laser source manufacturers. Innovation network data stem from official databases providing detailed information on the organizations involved, subject of joint research and development (R&D) efforts as well as start and end times for all publically funded R&D projects between 1990 and 2010. Estimation results from a non-parametric event history model indicate that micro firms enter the network later than small-sized or large firms. An in-depth analysis of the size effects for medium-sized firms provides some unexpected findings. The choice of cooperation type makes no significant difference for the firms’ timing to enter the network. Finally, the analysis of geographical determinants shows that cluster membership can, but do not necessarily, affect a firm’s timing to cooperate.
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Netzwerke zwischen Hochschulen und Wirtschaft: Ein Mehrebenenansatz
Mirko Titze, Wilfried Ehrenfeld, Matthias Piontek, Gunnar Pippel
Schrumpfende Regionen - dynamische Hochschulen: Hochschulstrategien im demografischen Wandel,
2015
Abstract
Innovationen sind ein zentraler Treiber für das Wachstum von Unternehmen und Regionen. Es gibt daher eine breite Literatur, welche versucht, die Determinanten der Innovationsfähigkeit zu identifizieren. Kooperationen stellen einen wichtigen Faktor im Bereich Forschung und Entwicklung dar, da Verflechtungen den Fluss von Wissen zwischen den beteiligten Akteuren, wie beispielsweise Hochschulen und Unternehmen, unterstützen. Um derartige Verflechtungen abzubilden, haben sich in der Fachliteratur verschiedene Ansätze durchgesetzt. So können beispielsweise Informationen über Ko-Publikationen, Ko-Patente oder geförderte FuE-Vorhaben genutzt werden. Die verschiedenen Ansätze haben jedoch ihre individuellen Stärken und Schwächen. Zudem bilden sie jeweils verschiedene Facetten der Kooperation im Bereich Forschung und Entwicklung ab. Dieser Beitrag setzt an dieser Problematik an, indem er anhand von sechs Fallregionen einen Mehrebenenansatz vorstellt, welcher die genannten Ebenen von Kooperation zusammenführt. Dies ermöglicht, ein umfassendes Bild der Vernetzung in den Fallregionen zu erhalten.
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Perspectives for Future Research on European Urban Development: Workshop im Rahmen eines deutsch-russischen Kooperationsprojekts
A. Förtsch, Albrecht Kauffmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2015
Abstract
Das im September 2012 auf Initiative der damaligen Abteilung Stadtökonomik gestartete Projekt zur Anbahnung gemeinsamer Forschungsarbeiten des Leontief Centre St. Petersburg (LC) und des IWH zu Fragen der wirtschaftlichen Neupositionierung post-sozialistischer Städte fand am 25. und 26. Februar 2015 mit einem Workshop in Halle (Saale) seinen vorläufigen Abschluss. Neben den beteiligten Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern des LC und des IWH nahmen auch Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler anderer Forschungseinrichtungen teil, deren Forschung Bezüge zur Fragestellung des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Projekts aufweist. In den vorangehenden zweieinhalb Jahren gab es einen intensiven Austausch zwischen beiden Instituten u. a. in Form von Gastaufenthalten, gegenseitiger Hilfe bei der Datenbeschaffung und aufbereitung und gemeinsamen Auftritten bei wissenschaftlichen Veranstaltungen. Im Rahmen des Abschlussworkshops wurden Ergebnisse der gemeinsamen Arbeit wie auch thematisch verwandter Untersuchungen vorgetragen und diskutiert.
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Im Lichte neuer Daten: Ostdeutschland absolut „reicher“, beim Wachstumspotenzial jedoch relativ „ärmer“
Udo Ludwig, Franziska Exß
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2015
Abstract
Die amtliche Statistik hat die Angaben zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt der ostdeutschen Flächenländer für die Jahre seit 2000 um jährlich rund 3% erhöht. In dieser Korrektur kommen auch konzeptionelle Erweiterungen des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Rechnungswesens zum Tragen. Insbesondere betrifft das Forschungs- und Entwicklungsleistungen, die jetzt wie eine Investition in ein Vermögensgut behandelt werden. Es zeigt sich, dass der Osten in diesem Zukunftsbereich gegenüber dem Westen stärker zurückliegt, als bisher beziffert worden ist.
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Assessing European Competitiveness: The New CompNet Microbased Database
Paloma Lopez-Garcia, Filippo di Mauro
ECB Working Paper,
No. 1764,
2015
Abstract
Drawing from confidential firm-level balance sheets for 17 European countries (13 Euro-Area), the paper documents the newly expanded database of cross-country comparable competitiveness-related indicators built by the Competitiveness Research Network (CompNet). The new database provides information on the distribution of labour productivity, TFP, ULC or size of firms in detailed 2-digit industries but also within broad macrosectors or considering the full economy. Most importantly, the expanded database includes detailed information on critical determinants of competitiveness such as the financial position of the firm, its exporting intensity, employment creation or price-cost margins. Both the distribution of all those variables, within each industry, but also their joint analysis with the productivity of the firm provides critical insights to both policy-makers and researchers regarding aggregate trends dynamics. The current database comprises 17 EU countries, with information for 56 industries, including both manufacturing and services, over the period 1995-2012. The paper aims at analysing the structure and characteristics of this novel database, pointing out a number of results that are relevant to study productivity developments and its drivers. For instance, by using covariances between productivity and employment the paper shows that the drop in employment which occurred during the recent crisis appears to have had “cleansing effects” on EU economies, as it seems to have accelerated resource reallocation towards the most productive firms, particularly in economies under stress. Lastly, this paper will be complemented by four forthcoming papers, each providing an in-depth description and methodological overview of each of the main groups of CompNet indicators (financial, trade-related, product and labour market).
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R&D Collaboration for Environmental Innovation
Gunnar Pippel
International Journal of Innovation Management,
No. 1,
2015
Abstract
FuE-Kooperationen spielen eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Schaffung von Umweltinnovationen. Allerdings zeigt uns die Literatur, dass FuE-Kooperationen nicht immer vorteilhaft sind. Daher ist eine differenziertere Betrachtungsweise des Einflusses von FuE-Kooperationen auf die Fähigkeit von Unternehmen, Umweltinnovationen hervorzubringen, notwendig. Das Papier untersucht diesen Zusammenhang und differenziert dabei nach verschiedenen Typen von Kooperationspartnern wie Kunden, Lieferanten, Universitäten, staatlichen Forschungseinrichtungen, Konkurrenten, Beratern und anderen Firmen innerhalb der gleichen Firmengruppe. Zudem wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob Diversität von Kooperationspartnern einen Einfluss auf die Umweltinnovationsfähigkeit von Unternehmen hat. Dabei werden Daten von 2337 deutschen Unternehmen für eine Regressionsanalyse verwendet. Deutlich wird, dass FuE-Kooperationen mit Kunden, Lieferanten, Universitäten, staatlichen Forschungseinrichtungen, Beratern und anderen Firmen innerhalb der gleichen Firmengruppe einen signifikant positiven Einfluss auf die Umweltinnovationsfähigkeit haben. FuE-Kooperationen mit Konkurrenten haben keinen signifikanten Einfluss. Die Diversität von FuE-Kooperationspartnern hat ebenfalls einen signifikant positiven Einfluss auf die Umweltinnovationsfähigkeit.
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