The Impact of Technology and Regulation on the Geographical Scope of Banking
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse the current state of the European banking sector. We discuss both theoretical contributions and empirical work and highlight open questions along the way. We draw three main lessons from the current theoretical and empirical literature: (i) bank lending to small businesses in Europe may be characterized both by (local) spatial pricing and resilient (regional and/or national) market segmentation; (ii) because of informational asymmetries in the retail market, bank mergers and acquisitions seem the optimal route of entering another market, long before cross-border servicing or direct entry are economically feasible; and (iii) current technological and regulatory developments may, to a large extent, remain impotent in further dismantling the various residual but mutually reinforcing frictions in the retail banking markets in Europe. We conclude the paper by offering pertinent policy recommendations based on these three lessons.
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Bank Market Discipline and Indicators of Banking System Risk: The European Evidence
Reint E. Gropp
Market Discipline Across Countries and Industries,
2004
Abstract
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Technological capability of foreign and West German investors in East Germany
Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 189,
2004
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role for countries or regions in the process of economic catching-up since it is assumed – among other things – that FDI brings in new production technology and knowledge. This paper gives an overview about the development of FDI in East Germany based on official data provided by the Federal Bank of Germany. The investigation also includes a comparison of FDI in East Germany to Central East European countries. But the main focus of the paper is an analysis of the technological capability comparing majority foreign and West German owned firms to majority East German owned firms. It shows that foreign and West German subsidiaries in East Germany are indeed characterized by superior technological capability with respect to all indicators looked at (product innovation, research & development, organizational changes etc.).
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Why do we have an interbank money market?
Jürgen Wiemers, Ulrike Neyer
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 182,
2003
Abstract
The interbank money market plays a key role in the execution of monetary policy. Hence, it is important to know the functioning of this market and the determinants of the interbank money market rate. In this paper, we develop an interbank money market model with a heterogeneous banking sector. We show that besides for balancing daily liquidity fluctuations banks participate in the interbank market because they have different marginal costs of obtaining funds from the central bank. In the euro area, which we refer to, these cost differences occur because banks have different marginal cost of collateral which they need to hold to obtain funds from the central bank. Banks with relatively low marginal costs act as intermediaries between the central bank and banks with relatively high marginal costs. The necessary positive spread between the interbank market rate and the central bank rate is determined by transaction costs and credit risk in the interbank market, total liquidity needs of the banking sector, costs of obtaining funds from the central bank, and the distribution of the latter across banks.
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Cross-border Mergers in European Banking and Bank Efficiency: Discussion
Reint E. Gropp
Foreign Direct Investment in the Real and Financial Sector of Industrial Countries,
2003
Abstract
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Bank-Firm Relationships and International Banking Markets
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
International Journal of the Economics of Business,
No. 3,
2002
Abstract
This paper reviews how long-term relationships between firms and banks shape the structure and integration of banking markets worldwide. Bank relationships arise to span informational asymmetries that are endemic in financial markets. Firm-bank relationships not only entail specific benefits and costs for both the engaged firms and banks, but also directly affect the structure of banking markets. In particular, the sunk cost of screening and monitoring activities and the 'informational capital' collected by the incumbent banks may act as a barrier to entry. The intensity of the existing firm-bank relationships will determine the height of this barrier and shape the structure of international banking markets. For example, in Scandinavia where firms maintain few and strong relationships, foreign banks may only be able to enter successfully through mergers and acquisitions. On the other hand, Southern European firms maintain many bank relationships. Therefore, banks may consider entering Southern European banking markets through direct investment.
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Bank Concentration and Retail Interest Rates
S. Corvoisier, Reint E. Gropp
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
The recent wave of mergers in the euro area raises the question whether the increase in concentration has offset the increase in competition in European banking through deregulation. We test this question by estimating a simple Cournot model of bank pricing. We construct country and product specific measures of bank concentration and find that for loans and demand deposits increasing concentration may have resulted in less competitive pricing by banks, whereas for savings and time deposits, the model is rejected, suggesting increases in contestability and/or efficiency in these markets. Finally, the paper discusses some implications for tests of the effect of concentration on monetary policy transmission.
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Rating Agency Actions and the Pricing of Debt and Equity of European Banks: What Can we Infer About Private Sector Monitoring of Bank Soundness?
Reint E. Gropp, A. J. Richards
Economic Notes,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
The recent consultative papers by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has raised the possibility of an explicit role for external rating agencies in the assessment of the credit risk of banks’ assets, including interbank claims. Any judgement on the merits of this proposal calls for an assessment of the information contained in credit ratings and its relationship to other publicly available information on the financial health of banks and borrowers. We assess this issue via an event study of rating change announcements by leading international rating agencies, focusing on rating changes for European banks for which data on bond and equity prices are available. We find little evidence of announcement effects on bond prices, which may reflect the lack of liquidity in bond markets in Europe during much of our sample period. For equity prices, we find strong effects of ratings changes, although some of our results may suffer from contamination by contemporaneous news events. We also test for pre-announcement and post-announcement effects, but find little evidence of either. Overall, our results suggest that ratings agencies may perform a useful role in summarizing and obtaining non-public information on banks and that monitoring of banks’ risk through bond holders appears to be relatively limited in Europe. The relatively weak monitoring by bondholders casts some doubt on the effectiveness of a subordinated debt requirement as a supervisory tool in the European context, at least until bond markets are more developed.
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European monetary policy: On neutral course
Silke Tober
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2000
Abstract
Nach fünf Leitzinserhöhungen um insgesamt 1¾ Prozentpunkte seit November 1999 dürfte die Europäische Zentralbank im Juni dieses Jahres auch bei den kurzfristigen Zinsen ein neutrales Niveau erreicht haben. Die Kapitalmarktzinsen entsprechen bereits seit Herbst vergangenen Jahres etwa dem langfristigen (deutschen) Durchschnitt. Ebenso wie die EZB hat die US-amerikanische Zentralbank die Zinsen seit der geldpolitischen Lockerung im Zusammenhang mit den Krisen in Asien um insgesamt 1¾ Prozentpunkte angehoben. Anders als die EZB ist die US-amerikanische Zentralbank damit jedoch auf einen restriktiven Kurs zurückgekehrt. Dieser Unterschied im geldpolitischen Kurs der beiden Zentralbanken erklärt sich aus dem nach wie vor bestehenden Konjunkturgefälle zwischen den zwei Währungsräumen und ist die entscheidende Ursache für die noch fortbestehende niedrige Bewertung des Euro. Von der Erweiterung der Europäischen Union und letztlich des Euroraums ist keine nennenswerte Beeinflussung des Wechselkurses zu erwarten. Eine strenge Konvergenzprüfung vor dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Währungsunion ist im Interesse nicht nur des Euroraums, sondern auch der Beitrittsländer zu empfehlen. Negative Vertrauenseffekte durch den EU-Beitritt mittel- und osteuropäischer Länder sind sodann unwahrscheinlich, zumal das ökonomische Gewicht dieser Länder gering und eine Streckung des Zeitraums zwischen EU-Beitritt und Übernahme des Euro wahrscheinlich ist. Das bestehende Aufwertungspotential des Euro dürfte im Zuge der Erweiterung des Euroraums durch die Stärkung seiner Rolle als internationale Reservewährung etwas zunehmen. Institutionelle Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Entscheidungsgremien des Europäischen Systems der Zentralbanken wären bei steigender Zahl der Mitgliedsländer zu erwägen.
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Die Region Halle-Leipzig im Wandel vom Industriestandort zum modernen Dienstleistungsstandort
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaftsstandort Halle,
2000
Abstract
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