Barriers to Internationalization: Firm-Level Evidence from Germany
Claudia M. Buch
IAW Discussion Paper No. 52,
2009
Abstract
Exporters and multinationals are larger and more productive than their domestic
counterparts. In addition to productivity, financial constraints and labor market
constraints might constitute barriers to entry into foreign markets. We present new
empirical evidence on the extensive and intensive margin of exports and FDI based on detailed micro-level data of German firms. Our paper has three main findings. First, in line with earlier literature, we find a positive impact of firm size and productivity on firms’ international activities. Second, small firms suffer more frequently from financial constraints than bigger firms, but financial conditions have no strong effect on internationalization. Third, labor market constraints constitute a more severe barrier to foreign activities than financial constraints. Being covered by collective bargaining particularly impedes international activities.
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Deeper, Wider and More Competitive? Monetary Integration, Eastern Enlargement and Competitiveness in the European Union
Gianmarco Ottaviano, Daria Taglioni, Filippo di Mauro
ECB Working Paper,
No. 847,
2008
Abstract
What determines a country’s ability to compete in international markets? What fosters the global competitiveness of its firms? And in the European context, have key elements of the EU strategy such as EMU and enlargement helped or hindered domestic firms’ competitiveness in local and global markets? We address these questions by calibrating and simulating a conceptual framework that, based on Melitz and Ottaviano (2005), predicts that tougher and more transparent international competition forces less productive firms out the market, thereby increasing average productivity as well as reducing average prices and mark-ups. The model also predicts a parallel reduction of price dispersion within sectors. Our conceptual framework allows us to disentangle the effects of technology and freeness of entry from those of accessibility. On the one hand, by controlling for the impact of trade frictions, we are able to construct an index of ‘revealed competitiveness’, which would drive the relative performance of countries in an ideal world in which all faced the same barriers to international transactions. On the other hand, by focusing on the role of accessibility while keeping ‘revealed competitiveness’ as given, we are able to evaluate the impacts of EMU and enlargement on the competitiveness of European firms. We find that EMU positively affects the competitiveness of firms located in participating economies. Enlargement has, instead, two contrasting effects. It improves the accessibility of EU members but it also increases substantially the relative importance of unproductive competitors from Eastern Europe. JEL Classification: F12, R13.
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Mit 55 zum alten Eisen? Eine Analyse des Alterseinflusses auf die Produktivität anhand des LIAB
Lutz Schneider
Zeitschrift für Arbeitsmarktforschung,
No. 1,
2007
Abstract
Angesichts der sich abzeichnenden Alterung der Erwerbsfähigen in Deutschland sowie der unzureichenden Arbeitsmarktchancen Älterer stellt sich die Frage, welchen Einfluß das Lebensalter auf die Produktivität von Beschäftigten ausübt. Aus gerontologischer Sicht ist - aufgrund gegenläufiger Entwicklungsverläufe von zentralen Leistungskomponenten - ein umgekehrt u-förmiger Verlauf des Alters-Produktivitäts-Profils zu erwarten. Das höchste Leistungsniveau sollte im Bereich der mittleren Jahrgänge erreicht werden, während sowohl die Jüngeren als auch die Älteren ein deutlich vermindertes Leistungsniveau aufweisen dürften. Zur Überprüfung dieser These wird der Linked-Employer-Employee-Datensatz des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (LIAB) herangezogen. Auf der Basis einer betrieblichen Produktionsfunktion wird mittels regressionsanalytischer Methoden getestet, ob und wie sich die Altersstruktur der Beschäftigten eines Betriebs auf dessen Produktivität auswirkt, wobei zwischen Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes und des Dienstleistungssektors unterschieden wird. Allgemein lassen die realisierten Querschnittsschätzungen des Jahres 2003 eine positive Korrelation des Anteils der Beschäftigten im mittleren Alter (35-44 Jahre) und der betrieblichen Produktivität erkennen. Im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe zeigt sich des weiteren ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen Produktivität und Größe der jüngsten Altersgruppe (15-24 Jahre). Alles in allem spricht dies für einen umgekehrt u-förmigen Verlauf des Alters-Produktivitäts-Profils in diesem Sektor. Im Dienstleistungssektor hingegen wirkt bereits die jüngste Altersgruppe produktivitätsfördernd im Vergleich zur Referenzgruppe der 55-64jährigen.
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Eastern Germany in the process of catching-up: the role of foreign and Western German investors in technological renewal
Jutta Günther, Oliver Gebhardt
Eastern European Economics,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment as a means to support system transformation and the ongoing process of catching-up development has caught researcher’s attention for a number of Central and Eastern European countries. Not much research, however, has been carried out for East Germany in this respect although FDI plays an important role in East Germany too. Descriptive analysis by the use of unique survey data shows that foreign and West German affiliates perform much better with respect to technological capability and labor productivity than domestic companies in East Germany. The results of the regression analysis, however, show that it is not the status of ownership as such that forms a significant determinant of innovativeness in East Germany but rather general firms specific characteristics attached to it such as firm size, export-intensity, technical state of the equipment, and R&D activities. Due to the fact that foreign and West German affiliates perform better with respect to exactly all of these characteristics, they can be considered as a means to support the process of technological renewal and economic development.
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Technology spillovers from external investors in East Germany: no overall effects in favor of domestic firms
Harald Lehmann, Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 198,
2004
Abstract
The study deals with the question whether external (foreign and West German) investors in East Germany induce technological spillover effects in favor of domestic firms. It ties in with a number of other econometric spillover studies, especially for transition economies, which show rather mixed and inconclusive results so far. Different from existing spillover analyses, this study allows for a much deeper regional breakdown up to Raumordnungsregionen and uses a branch classification that explicitly considers intermediate and investment good linkages. The regression results show no positive correlation between the presence of external investors and domestic firms’ productivity, no matter which regional breakdown is looked at (East Germany as a whole, federal states, or Raumordnungsregionen). Technology spillovers which may exist in particular cases are obviously not strong enough to increase the domestic firms’ overall productivity.
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EU Accession Countries’ Specialisation Patterns in Foreign Trade and Domestic Production - What can we infer for catch-up prospects?
Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 184,
2003
Abstract
This paper supplements prior analysis on ‘patterns and prospects’ (Stephan, 2003) in which prospects for the speed of future productivity growth were assessed by looking at the specialisation patterns in domestic production. This analysis adds the foreign trade sphere to the results generated in the prior analysis. The refined results are broadly in line with the results from the original analysis, indicating the robustness of our methods applied in either analysis. The most prominent results pertain to Slovenia and the Slovak Republic. Those two countries appear to be best suited for swift productivity catch-up from the viewpoint of sectoral specialisation. Poland and Estonia exhibit the lowest potentials. Only for the case of Poland would results suggest bleak prospects.
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Enterprise-related services in East-Germany – an investigation of the service sector statistics
Siegfried Beer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2003
Abstract
Die unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen haben sich in Ostdeutschland – nach Angaben der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung –seit 1990 beachtlich entwickelt. Ausdruck dafür ist u. a. die Zunahme der realen Bruttowertschöpfung um 9,5% (BIP: 4,9%) im Jahresdurchschnitt bis 2000. Aus der erstmalig vorliegenden Dienstleistungsstatistik (für 2000) ist zu entnehmen, dass die Unternehmen der unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen in Ostdeutschland im Schnitt knapp neun Beschäftigte haben und damit nur geringfügig kleiner sind als die Unternehmen in Westdeutschland. Deutlich größer hingegen sind die Unterschiede in der durchschnittlichen Umsatzgröße und in der Produktivität (60% bzw. 45%). Dafür gibt es verschiedene Erklärungsansätze. Ein Hauptgrund besteht offenbar darin, dass die Unternehmen in Ostdeutschland niedrigere Erlöse wegen der deutlich geringeren Größe der Unternehmen erzielen, die diese Leistungen in Anspruch nehmen. Außerdem spielen die geringere Ertragskraft der nachfragenden Unternehmen, Unterschiede in der Branchenstruktur der unternehmensbezogenen Dienste und administrative Festlegungen zur Preisbildung eine Rolle.
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Environmental policy under product differentiation and asymmetric costs - Does leapfrogging occur and is it worth it?
Jacqueline Rothfels
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 124,
2000
Abstract
This paper studies the influence of environmental policies on environmental quality, domestic firms, and welfare. Point of departure is Porter’s hypothesis that unilateral environmental regulation may enhance the competitiveness of domestic firms. This hypothesis has recently received considerable support in theoretical analyses, especially if imperfectly competitive markets with strategic behavior on behalf of the agents are taken into account. Our work contributes to this literature by explicitely investigating the implications of asymmetric cost structures between a domestic and a foreign firm sector. We use a partial-equilibrium model of vertical product differentiation, where the consumption of a product causes environmental harm. Allowing for differentiated products, the domestic industry can either assume the market leader position or lag behind in terms of the environmental quality of the produced product. Assuming as a benchmark case that the domestic industry lags behind, we investigate the possibility of the government to induce leapfrogging of the domestic firm, i.e. a higher quality produced by the domestic firm after regulation than that of the competitor prior to regulation. It is shown that in the case of a cost advantage for the domestic firm in the production process the imposition of a binding minimum quality standard can serve as a tool to induce leapfrogging. In case of a cost disadvantage the same result can be achieved through an adequate subsidization of quality dependend production costs. Thus, careful regulation enables the domestic firm in both scenarios to better its competitive position against foreign competitors and to earn larger profits. Additionally, environmental quality and welfare can be enhanced.
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Current trends – West Germany: Gross domestic product on higher level after German unification
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
1996
Abstract
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