Financial Integration, Housing, and Economic Volatility
Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan
Journal of Financial Economics,
No. 1,
2015
Abstract
The Great Recession illustrates the sensitivity of the economy to housing. This paper shows that financial integration, fostered by securitization and nationwide branching, amplified the positive effect of housing price shocks on the economy during the 1994–2006 period. We exploit variation in credit supply subsidies across local markets from government-sponsored enterprises to measure housing price changes unrelated to fundamentals. Using this instrument, we find that house price shocks spur economic growth. The effect is larger in localities more financially integrated, through both secondary loan market and bank branch networks. Financial integration thus raised the effect of collateral shocks on local economies, increasing economic volatility.
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Konjunktur aktuell: Abschwung in Deutschland geht weiter
Konjunktur aktuell,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
Die internationale Konjunktur hat sich zur Jahresmitte 2019 weiter abgekühlt. Im ersten Halbjahr stagnierte die Industrieproduktion in etwa, und der Güterhandel ist schon seit Herbst 2018 rückläufig, im Wesentlichen aufgrund der von den USA ausgehenden Handelskonflikte. Weil aber die Dienstleistungen fast überall noch recht deutlich expandierten, hat sich die Dynamik der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktion global nur moderat verlangsamt. Im zweiten Halbjahr 2019 dürfte sich der Abschwung im Euroraum fortsetzen. In der vorliegenden Prognose wird unterstellt, dass es Ende Oktober zu einem Brexit ohne Vertrag kommt, pragmatische Regelungen einen Zusammenbruch der wirtschaftlichen Transaktionen zwischen Großbritannien und der EU aber verhindern und auch das europäische Finanzsystem stabil bleibt.
In Deutschland ist das Bruttoinlandsprodukt im zweiten Quartal 2019 um 0,1% gesunken. Die Rezession im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe hat sich fortgesetzt. Die wesentliche Ursache dafür ist eine schwächere Nachfrage nach deutschen Exportgütern, während die Binnennachfrage bislang nur moderat an Dynamik verloren hat. Allerdings deuten gesunkene Auftragseingänge darauf hin, dass Ausrüstungsinvestitionen vor einer Schwächephase stehen. Dass es trotzdem zu keiner schweren Rezession kommen dürfte, dafür sprechen die weiter sehr günstigen Finanzierungsbedingungen und die immer noch gute Arbeitsmarktlage, welche die Arbeitnehmereinkommen deutlich steigen lässt. Zudem gibt die Finanzpolitik der Wirtschaft in diesem Jahr einen expansiven Impuls im Umfang von 0,7% in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt; im kommenden Jahr ist der finanzpolitische Impuls geringer. Alles in allem liegt die Produktion nach vorliegender Prognose im Jahr 2019 um 0,5% höher als im Vorjahr, im Jahr 2020 steigt die Rate auch wegen der höheren Zahl an Arbeitstagen auf 1,1%. Die Wirtschaft in Ostdeutschland expandiert in diesem Jahr mit 1,0% und im Jahr 2020 mit 1,3% etwas stärker als in Westdeutschland.
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Financial Literacy and Self-employment
Aida Ćumurović, Walter Hyll
Journal of Consumer Affairs,
No. 2,
2019
Abstract
In this paper, we study the relationship between financial literacy and self‐employment. We use established financial literacy questions to measure literacy levels. The analysis shows a highly significant and positive correlation between the index and self‐employment. We address the direction of causality by applying instrumental variable techniques based on information about maternal education. We also exploit information on financial support and family background to account for concerns about the exclusion restriction. The results provide support for a positive effect of financial literacy on the probability of being self‐employed. As financial literacy is acquirable, the findings suggest that entrepreneurial activities might be increased by enhancing financial literacy.
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Central Bank Transparency and Cross-border Banking
Stefan Eichler, Helge Littke, Lena Tonzer
Journal of International Money and Finance,
2017
Abstract
We analyze the effect of central bank transparency on cross-border bank activities. Based on a panel gravity model for cross-border bank claims for 21 home and 47 destination countries from 1998 to 2010, we find strong empirical evidence that a rise in central bank transparency in the destination country, on average, increases cross-border claims. Using interaction models, we find that the positive effect of central bank transparency on cross-border claims is only significant if the central bank is politically independent and operates in a stable economic environment. Central bank transparency and credibility are thus considered complements by banks investing abroad.
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Badly Hurt? Natural Disasters and Direct Firm Effects
Felix Noth, Oliver Rehbein
Finance Research Letters,
2019
Abstract
We investigate firm outcomes after a major flood in Germany in 2013. We robustly find that firms located in the disaster regions have significantly higher turnover, lower leverage, and higher cash in the period after 2013. We provide evidence that the effects stem from firms that already experienced a similar major disaster in 2002. Overall, our results document a positive net effect on firm performance in the direct aftermath of a natural disaster.
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Tornado Activity, House Price and Stock Returns
Michael Donadelli, Michael Ghisletti, Marcus Jüppner, Antonio Paradiso
North American Journal of Economics and Finance,
April
2020
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the effects of tornado activity on house prices and stock returns in the US. First, using geo-referenced and metropolitan statistical area (MSA)-level data, we find tornado activity to be responsible for a significant drop in house prices. Spillover tornado effects between adjacent MSAs are also detected. Furthermore, our granular analysis provides evidence of tornadoes having a negative impact on stock returns. However, only two sectors seem to contribute to such a negative effect (i.e., consumer discretionary and telecommunications). In a macro-analysis, which relies on aggregate data for the South, West, Midwest and Northeast US regions, we then show that tornado activity generates a significant drop in house prices only in the South and Midwest. In these regions, tornadoes are also responsible for a drop in income. Tornado activity is finally found to positively (negatively) affect stock returns in the Midwest (South). If different sectors are examined, a more heterogeneous picture emerges.
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HIP, RIP, and the Robustness of Empirical Earnings Processes
Florian Hoffmann
Quantitative Economics,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
The dispersion of individual returns to experience, often referred to as heterogeneity of income profiles (HIP), is a key parameter in empirical human capital models, in studies of life‐cycle income inequality, and in heterogeneous agent models of life‐cycle labor market dynamics. It is commonly estimated from age variation in the covariance structure of earnings. In this study, I show that this approach is invalid and tends to deliver estimates of HIP that are biased upward. The reason is that any age variation in covariance structures can be rationalized by age‐dependent heteroscedasticity in the distribution of earnings shocks. Once one models such age effects flexibly the remaining identifying variation for HIP is the shape of the tails of lag profiles. Credible estimation of HIP thus imposes strong demands on the data since one requires many earnings observations per individual and a low rate of sample attrition. To investigate empirically whether the bias in estimates of HIP from omitting age effects is quantitatively important, I thus rely on administrative data from Germany on quarterly earnings that follow workers from labor market entry until 27 years into their career. To strengthen external validity, I focus my analysis on an education group that displays a covariance structure with qualitatively similar properties like its North American counterpart. I find that a HIP model with age effects in transitory, persistent and permanent shocks fits the covariance structure almost perfectly and delivers small and insignificant estimates for the HIP component. In sharp contrast, once I estimate a standard HIP model without age‐effects the estimated slope heterogeneity increases by a factor of thirteen and becomes highly significant, with a dramatic deterioration of model fit. I reach the same conclusions from estimating the two models on a different covariance structure and from conducting a Monte Carlo analysis, suggesting that my quantitative results are not an artifact of one particular sample.
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Motivating High‐impact Innovation: Evidence from Managerial Compensation Contracts
Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan, Zenu Sharma, Maya Waisman
Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
We investigate the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compensation and firm innovation and find that long‐term incentives in the form of options, especially unvested options, and protection from managerial termination in the form of golden parachutes are positively related to corporate innovation, and particularly to high‐impact, exploratory (new knowledge creation) invention. Conversely, non‐equity pay has a detrimental effect on the input, output and impact of innovation. Tests using the passage of an option expensing regulation (FAS 123R) as an exogenous shock to option compensation suggest a causal interpretation for the link between long‐term pay incentives, patents and citations. Furthermore, we find that the decline in option pay following the implementation of FAS 123R has led to a significant reduction in exploratory innovation and therefore had a detrimental effect on innovation output. Overall, our findings support the idea that compensation contracts that protect from early project failure and incentivize long‐term commitment are more suitable for inducing high‐impact corporate innovation.
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Structural Stability of the Research & Development Sector in European Economies Despite the Economic Crisis
Jutta Günther, Maria Kristalova, Udo Ludwig
Journal of Evolutionary Economics,
No. 5,
2019
Abstract
When an external shock such as the economic crisis in 2008/2009 occurs, the interconnectedness of sectors can be affected. This paper investigates whether the R&D sector experienced changes in its sectoral integration through the recession. Based on an input-output analysis, it can be shown that the linkages of the R&D sector with other sectors remain stable. In some countries, the inter-sectoral integration becomes even stronger. Policy makers can be encouraged to use public R&D spending as a means of fiscal policy against an economic crisis.
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