Lending Technology, Bank Organization and Competition
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena, Günseli Tümer-Alkan
Journal of Financial Transformation,
2009
Abstract
This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical studies investigating how both bank technology and organization shape bank-borrower interactions. We refer to two related concepts for bank technology. First, the technologies banks employ in loan granting decisions and second, the advances in information technology linked to the bank's lending technology. We also summarize and interpret the theoretical and empirical work on bank organization and its influence on lending technologies. We show that the choice of lending technology and bank organization depend heavily on the availability of information, the technological progress in the collection of information, as well as the banking market structure and the legal environment. We draw important policy conclusions from the literature. Competition authorities and supervisors have to remain alert to the consequences of the introduction of any new technology because: (1) advances in technology do not necessarily lead to more intense banking competition, and (2) the impact of technological and financial innovation on financial efficiency and stability depends on the incentives of the entire „loan production chain.‟
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Effects of Heterogeneity on Bank Efficiency Scores
J. W. B. Bos, Michael Koetter, James W. Kolari, Clemens J. M. Kool
European Journal of Operational Research,
No. 1,
2009
Abstract
Bank efficiency estimates often serve as a proxy of managerial skill since they quantify sub-optimal production choices. But such deviations can also be due to omitted systematic differences among banks. In this study, we examine the effects of heterogeneity on bank efficiency scores. We compare different specifications of a stochastic cost and alternative profit frontier model with a baseline specification. After conducting a specification test, we discuss heterogeneity effects on efficiency levels, ranks and the tails of the efficiency distribution. We find that heterogeneity controls influence both banks’ optimal costs and profits and their ability to be efficient. Differences in efficiency scores are important for more than only methodological reasons. First, different ways of accounting for heterogeneity result in estimates of foregone profits and additional costs that are significantly different from what we infer from our general specification. Second, banks are significantly re-ranked when their efficiency is estimated with a specification other than the preferred, general specification. Third, the general specification gives the most reliable estimates of the probability of distress, although differences to the other specifications are low.
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Are European Equity Style Indices Efficient? – An Empirical Quest in Three Essays
Marian Berneburg
Schriften des IWH,
No. 28,
2008
Abstract
Many situations in the history of the stock markets indicate that assets are not always efficiently priced. But why does it matter whether the stock market is efficiently priced? Because “well-functioning financial markets are a key factor to high economic growth”. (Mishkin and Eakins, 2006, pp. 3-4) In three essays, it is the aim of the author to shed some more light on the topic of market efficiency, which is far from being resolved. Since European equity markets have increased in importance globally, the author, instead of focusing on US markets, looks at a unified European equity market. By testing for a random walk in equity prices, revisiting Shiller’s claim of excess volatility through the means of a vector error correction model, and modifying the Gordon-Growth-Model, the book concludes that a small degree of inefficiency cannot be ruled out. While usually European equity markets are pricing assets correctly, some periods (e.g. the late 1990s and early 2000s) show clear signs of mispricing; the hypothesis of a world with two states (regime one, a normal efficient state, and regime two, a state in which markets are more momentum driven) presents a possible explanation.
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Industry Specialization, Diversity and the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Determinants of Innovative Behaviour,
2008
Abstract
Innovation processes are characterized by a pronounced division of labor between actors. Two types of externality may arise from such interactions. On the one hand, a close location of actors affiliated to the same industry may stimulate innovation (MAR externalities). On the other hand, new ideas may be born by the exchange of heterogeneous and complementary knowledge between actors, which belong to different industries (Jacobs’ externalities). We test the impact of both MAR as well as Jacobs’ externalities on innovative performance at the regional level. The results suggest an inverted u-shaped relationship between regional specialization in certain industries and innovative performance. Further key determinants of the regional innovative performance are private sector R&D and university-industry collaboration.
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How Does Industry Specialization Affect the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2008-058,
No. 58,
2008
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the specialization of a region in certain industries and the efficiency of the region in generating new knowledge. The efficiency measure is constructed by relating regional R&D input and output. An inversely u-shaped relationship is found between regional specialization and R&D efficiency, indicating the presence of externalities of both Marshall and Jacobs’ type. Further factors influencing efficiency are spillovers within the private sector as well as from public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors is, however, different for regions at different efficiency levels.
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An Assessment of Bank Merger Success in Germany
Michael Koetter
German Economic Review,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
German banks have experienced a merger wave since the early 1990s. However, the success of bank mergers remains a continuous matter of debate.This paper suggests a taxonomy to evaluate post-merger performance on the basis of cost and profit efficiency (CE and PE). I identify successful mergers as those that fulfill simultaneously two criteria. First, merged institutes must exhibit efficiency levels above the average of non-merging banks. Second, banks must exhibit efficiency changes between merger and evaluation year above efficiency changes of non-merging banks. I assess the post-merger performance up to 11 years after the mergers and relate it to the transfer of skills, the adequacy to merge distressed banks and the role of geographical distance. Roughly every second merger is a success in terms of either CE or PE. The margin of success in terms of CE is narrow, as efficiency differentials between merging and non-merging banks are around 1 and 2 percentage points. PE performance is slightly larger. More importantly, mergers boost in particular the change in PE, thus indicating persistent improvements of merging banks to improve the ability to generate profits.
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The Stability of Bank Efficiency Rankings when Risk Preferences and Objectives are Different
Michael Koetter
European Journal of Finance,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
We analyze the stability of efficiency rankings of German universal banks between 1993 and 2004. First, we estimate traditional efficiency scores with stochastic cost and alternative profit frontier analysis. Then, we explicitly allow for different risk preferences and measure efficiency with a structural model based on utility maximization. Using the almost ideal demand system, we estimate input- and profit-demand functions to obtain proxies for expected return and risk. Efficiency is then measured in this risk-return space. Mean risk-return efficiency is somewhat higher than cost and considerably higher than profit efficiency (PE). More importantly, rank–order correlation between these measures are low or even negative. This suggests that best-practice institutes should not be identified on the basis of traditional efficiency measures alone. Apparently, low cost and/or PE may merely result from alternative yet efficiently chosen risk-return trade-offs.
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Culture as a Base for Efficient Economic Systems
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
Die Debatte über die Folgen der Globalisierung für das deutsche Wirtschaftsmodell, die Soziale Marktwirtschaft, verweist immer wieder auf die Wertbindung von Wirtschaftsordnungen. Dies besitzt Tradition, denn immer war ökonomisches Handeln als Teil der gesellschaftlichen Interaktion eingebettet in konkrete gesellschaftliche Bedingtheiten. Durch die Globalisierung lösen sich diese Grenzen auf, der Wettbewerb der Ordnungen wird intensiver, damit auch die Frage, welche kulturellen Grundlagen erfolgreichen Wirtschaftsnationen eigen sind. In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage, weshalb Kultur für effizientes Wirtschaften wichtig ist, aus Sicht der modernen Informationsökonomik nachgegangen. Dabei erfolgt ein Rückgriff auf die alte und neue Institutionenökonomik, insbesondere die Transaktionskostenökonomik und die Vertragstheorie. Es wird gezeigt, daß spezifische Informationstechnologien bestimmte Kooperationsformen begünstigen, die Kern der Ausgestaltung institutioneller Arrangements sind. Gleichermaßen besteht eine Verbindung zwischen diesen Informationstechnologien und der Kultur, insbesondere den Wertestrukturen. Der Wettbewerb der Wirtschaftsordnungen begünstigt daher bestimmte Kombinationen technologischer, kultureller und ökonomischer Art. Hieraus folgt unmittelbar, daß kultureller Wettbewerb, insbesondere der Wettbewerb der Standorte und der Wirtschaftsordnungen, dem Güterwettbewerb vorgelagert ist. Im Sinne des Wettbewerbs der Werte und der zugehörigen Kultur gewinnt damit die Frage, welche Kulturvermittlung für Nationen aus ökonomischen Gründen bedeutsam ist, Gehalt. Der Beitrag zeigt, daß Technologien, insbesondere Informationstechnologien die Institutionenstruktur erheblich beeinflussen, die wiederum aufs engste mit Kulturinhalten, insbesondere Werthaltungen verbunden ist. Aus ökonomischer Sicht muß folglich das kulturelle Angebot als strategischer Wettbewerbsparameter angesehen werden.
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Is a Centralisation of Local Governmental Structures an Appropriate Way to Ensure an Efficient Provision of Local Public Services? Findings from Case Studies in the State of Saxony-Anhalt
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Wenn Städte und Gemeinden im interregionalen Standortwettbewerb mithalten und ihre Leistungen effizient und effektiv anbieten wollen, benötigen sie auch eine geeignete Organisationsform. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt am Beispiel Sachsen-Anhalts im Rahmen von Fallstudien ermittelte Ergebnisse zu wichtigen Aspekten der Effizienz und Effektivität zentralistischer und föderativ organisierter Gemeindeformen vor. Die Konzentration auf Sachsen-Anhalt erklärt sich nicht zuletzt durch die dort in Gang gesetzte Gemeindegebietsreform, die eine möglichst flächendeckende Bildung von sogenannten Einheitsgemeinden vorsieht. Die Befunde liefern kein Bild, das eindeutig zugunsten der untersuchten zentralistisch organisierten „Einheitsgemeinden“ ausfällt, wenngleich dort, wie theoretisch erwartet, Indizien für effizienzfördernde Economies of Scale vorhanden sind, die sich allerdings nicht im Selbstlauf erschließen. Zudem gibt es auch in den untersuchten föderativ organisierten Kommunen in der Form von „Verwaltungsgemeinschaften“ Hinweise auf Effizienz- und Effektivitätsvorteile, die aus dem föderativen Wettbewerb und der Bürgerbeteiligung herrühren. In Anbetracht der für die Zukunft erwarteten zunehmenden Erosion der Bevölkerung und Abnahme des finanziellen Handlungsspielraums der Kommunen in weiten Teilen Sachsen-Anhalts spricht einiges dafür, den Aspekt der Effizienzsteigerung durch räumliche Konzentration von kommunalen Einrichtungen mit einem hohen Gewicht zu versehen. Dies spräche für eine Entscheidung zugunsten der Einheitsgemeinden. Damit müßte auf die Vorteile der heutigen Verwaltungsgemeinschaften verzichtet werden. Zwar könnten gemeindliche Einrichtungen auch innerhalb von Verwaltungsgemeinschaften räumlich konzentriert werden, indem die entsprechenden Kompetenzen auf die „übergeordnete“ Ebene der Verwaltungsgemeinschaft übertragen werden. In den sachsen-anhaltischen Verwaltungsgemeinschaften wurde aber bislang nur zögerlich von dieser Möglichkeit Gebrauch gemacht. Zudem stehen verfassungsrechtliche Schranken einer umfangreichen Zentralisation innerhalb von Verwaltungsgemeinschaften entgegen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu empfehlen, sich nicht ausschließlich auf die Einführung von Einheitsgemeinden zu konzentrieren, sondern auch nach Alternativen zu suchen, welche die Vorteile der zentralistischen Gemeindeorganisation mit jenen der föderativen Modelle verknüpfen könnten.
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Effects of “Democratic Control” on the Efficiency of Local Public Enterprises: Empirical Evidence for Water Suppliers in Eastern Germany
Peter Haug
Public Finance and Management,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
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