Regional Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Biotech Industry: Exploring the Transition from Award-winning Nascent Entrepreneurs to Real Start-ups
H. Wolf, Claus Michelsen, Michael Schwartz
Abstract
Knowledge of factors that determine the transition from nascent entrepreneurship into real entrepreneurship is of major importance for policies aiming to effectively stimulate start-ups. Whereas scholars concentrated on person-specific factors to explain transition probabilities, environmental characteristics have been fairly neglected. Given that entrepreneurship is a strongly localized phenomenon, this paper argues that regional entrepreneurial opportunities are a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation. Based on unique data on 103 nascent entrepreneurs in the German biotechnology industry, we empirically assess the importance of regional entrepreneurial opportunities on transition probabilities. Further, we introduce a new
approach to measure nascent entrepreneurship by capturing individuals that actively participate in start-up competitions and have won at least one competition. Controlling for technology and individual characteristics, we find strong support for our hypotheses relating to the significant impact of general regional opportunities, specific regional opportunities and the entrepreneurial environment for the probability of transition from award-winning nascent entrepreneurs to real start-ups.
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State Aid in the Enlarged European Union. An Overview
Jens Hölscher, Nicole Nulsch, Johannes Stephan
Abstract
In the early phase of transition that started with the 1990s, Central and Eastern European Countries pursued economic restructuring of the enterprise sector that involved massive injections of state support. Also foreign investment from the West and facilitation of the development of a market economy involved massive injections of state support. With their accession to the European Union (EU), levels and forms of state aid came under critical review by the European Commission. This inquiry investigates whether the integration of the new member states operates on a level playing field with respect to state aid. Quantitative and qualitative analysis is relied upon to answer this key, as well as other, related questions. Findings suggest that in recent years a level playing field across the EU has indeed emerged. State aid in the new EU member countries is rather handled more strictly than laxer compared to the ‘old’ EU countries.
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Governmental Learning as a Determinant of Economic Growth
Marina Grusevaja
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 23,
2010
Abstract
Systemic economic transition is a process of determined radical institutional change, a process of building new institutions required by a market economy. Nowadays, the experience of transition countries with the implementation of new institutions could be reviewed as a method of economic development that despite similar singular steps has different effects on the domestic economic performance. The process of institutional change towards a market economy is determined by political will, thus the government plays an important role in carrying out the economic reforms. Among the variety of outcomes and effects the attention is drawn especially to economic growth that diverges significantly in different post-transition countries. The paper attempts to shed light upon the problem on the basis of institutional economics, of economics of innovation and partially of political economy of growth using an evolutionary, process-oriented perspective. In this context the issue central to the promotion of economic growth is the successful implementation of new institutions through governmental activities. The paper shows that under the conditions of bounded rationality and radical uncertainty economic growth is determined, inter alia, by the capacity for governmental learning.
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20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit: Von der Transformation zur europäischen Integration - Tagungsband
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Der Band dokumentiert die zweitägige internationale Konferenz zum zwanzigsten Jahr der Deutschen Einheit, die am 11. und 12. März 2010 unter Mitwirkung namhafter Vertreter aus Wissenschaft und Politik mit rund 250 Besuchern in Halle stattfand. Veranstalter waren das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH), die Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) und der Sonderforschungsbereich „Gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen nach dem Systemumbruch. Diskontinuität, Tradition, Strukturbildung“ (SFB 580) an den Universitäten in Halle und Jena. Ziel der Tagung war es, den wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Wandel in den Post-Transformationsländern zu beschreiben, zu analysieren und einer kritischen Würdigung zu unterziehen. Aus dem bisherigen Verlauf dieses Prozesses sollen Lehren gezogen, zukünftige Entwicklungsperspektiven und auch Übertragungsmöglichkeiten auf die weltweit weitergehenden Transformationen aufgezeigt werden.
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Why are East Germans not More Mobile? Analyzing the Impact of Social Ties on Regional Migration
Peter Bönisch, Lutz Schneider
Abstract
Individuals’ preferences in transition regions are still shaped by the former communist system. We test this ‘Communism legacy’ hypothesis by examining the impact of acculturation in a communist regime on social network participation and, as a consequence, on preferences for spatial mobility. We focus on the paradigmatic case of East Germany where mobility intentions seem to be substantially weaker than in the western part. Applying an IV ordered probit approach we firstly find that East German people acculturated in a Communist system are more invested in locally bounded informal social capital than West Germans. Secondly, we confirm that membership in such locally bounded social networks reduces the intention to move away. Thirdly, after controlling for the social network effect the mobility gap between East and West substantially reduces. Low spatial mobility of the eastern population, we conclude, is to an important part attributable to a social capital endowment characteristic to post-communist economies.
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Datenkompendium -Ostdeutschlands Transformation seit 1990 im Spiegel wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Indikatoren, 2. akt. u. verbess. Aufl.
Ulrich Blum, Herbert S. Buscher, Hubert Gabrisch, Jutta Günther, Gerhard Heimpold, Cornelia Lang, Udo Ludwig, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Lutz Schneider
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
2010
Abstract
20 Jahre nach der „friedlichen Revolution“ und dem darauffolgenden Herstellen der staatlichen Einheit Deutschlands legt das IWH erneut eine Dokumentation der gesellschaftlichen, vor allen Dingen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung vor. Ziel ist es, anhand von Zahlen, Schaubildern und Tabellen mit entsprechenden Erklärungen die Vielschichtigkeit des Wandels der Neuen Länder aufzuzeigen. Damit fällt auch die Bewertung differenziert aus: Es gibt eine weitgehend modernisierte Infrastruktur, das erste, was an „blühende Landschaften“ erinnern mag. Einige Unternehmen und Standorte konnten sich mit großem wirtschaftlichen Erfolg die Weltmarktführerschaft in wesentlichen Technologien sichern. Aber es gibt auch einen massiven Bevölkerungsverlust, sich entleerende Gebiete. Manche Städte und erhebliche Teile des ländlichen Raums suchen eine neue Aufgabe in der nationalen und internationalen Arbeitsteilung.
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FDI and the National Innovation System - Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
D. Dyker (ed.), Network Dynamics in Emerging Regions of Europe, Imperial College Press,
2010
Abstract
The paper investigates strategic motives, technological activities and determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness in post-transition economies (Eastern Germany and selected Central East European countries). The empirical study makes use of the IWH FDI micro database. Results of the descriptive analysis of investment motives show that market access dominates over efficiency seeking and other motives. The majority of investors are technologically active in the region as a whole, but countries differ in terms of performance. The probit model estimations show that firm specific characteristics, among them innovativeness and autonomy from parent company, are important determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness.
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Interactive Dynamic Capabilities and Regenerating the East German Innovation System
N. von Tunzelmann, Jutta Günther, Katja Wilde, Björn Jindra
Contributions to Political Economy,
2010
Abstract
The paper sets out a specification of capabilities and competencies derived from Sen’s work on consumer capabilities and welfare economics. This approach is one that proves remarkably easy to generalise, first to producer and supplier capabilities, and thence to interactive and dynamic capabilities. The approach is then applied via the consequential perspectives of regional systems of innovation and network alignment to the case of the efforts to regenerate the innovation system in East Germany since reunification. It is seen that this process can be divided into three periods, of which the most recent appears to meet some of the theoretical requirements for effective interactive capabilities. It is less clear that the criteria for dynamic capabilities—which involve considerations of speed-up and flexibility, to meet the market requirements in real time—have yet been taken sufficiently seriously.
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Institutional transition, social capital mix and local ties – Does Communist legacy explain low labour mobility?
Peter Bönisch, Lutz Schneider
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge,
No. 66,
2010
Abstract
Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, wieso Ostdeutsche trotz schlechter Arbeitsmarktbedingungen eine vergleichsweise geringe räumliche Mobilität aufweisen. Auf Basis des GSOEP wird ein simultanes Drei-Gleichungs-Modell (Geordnetes Probit) geschätzt, welches belegt, dass informelles Sozialkapital die regionale Mobilität verringert, während es formales Sozialkapital unterstützt. Ostdeutsche, welche im Kommunismus aufgewachsen sind, sind stärker im lokal gebundenen informalen Kapital investiert als im formalen Typ. Die geringere Mobilität ist somit zu einem erheblichen Teil dem systemspezifischen Sozialkapital-Mix geschuldet
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