How Does Industry Specialization Affect the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2008-058,
No. 58,
2008
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the specialization of a region in certain industries and the efficiency of the region in generating new knowledge. The efficiency measure is constructed by relating regional R&D input and output. An inversely u-shaped relationship is found between regional specialization and R&D efficiency, indicating the presence of externalities of both Marshall and Jacobs’ type. Further factors influencing efficiency are spillovers within the private sector as well as from public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors is, however, different for regions at different efficiency levels.
Read article
Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from Manufacturing Industries
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
This paper analyses the extent of technological capability of foreign subsidiaries located in East Germany, and looks at the determinants of foreign subsidiaries’ technological sourcing behaviour. The theory of international production underlines the importance of strategic and regional level variables. However, existing empirical approaches omit by and large regional level factors. We employ survey evidence from the “FDI micro data- base” of the IWH, that was only recently made available, to conduct our analyses. We find that foreign subsidiaries are above average technologically active in comparison to the whole East German manufacturing. This can be partially explained by the industrial structure of foreign direct investment. However, only a limited share of foreign subsidiaries with R&D and/or innovation activity source technological knowledge from the East German innovation system. If a subsidiary follows a competence augmenting strategy or does local trade, it is more likely to source technological knowledge locally. The endowment of a region with human capital and a scientific infrastructure has a positive effect too. The findings suggest that foreign subsidiaries in East Germany are only partially linked with the regional innovation system. Policy implications are discussed.
Read article
Do Weak Supervisory Systems Encourage Bank Risk-taking?
Claudia M. Buch, G. DeLong
Journal of Financial Stability,
2008
Abstract
Weak bank supervision could give banks the ability to shift risk from themselves to supervisors. We use cross-border bank mergers as a natural experiment to test changes in risk and the impact of supervision. We examine cross-border bank mergers and find that the supervisory structures of the partners’ countries influence changes in post-merger total risk. An acquirer from a country with strong supervision lowers total risk after a cross-border merger. However, total risk increases when the target bank is located in a country with relatively strong supervision. This result is consistent with strong host regulators limiting the risky activities of their local banks. Foreign-owned competitors could then engage in the risky projects, especially if the foreign banks’ supervisors are not strong. An acquirer entering a country with strong supervision appears to shift risk back to its home country. The results suggest that bank supervisors can reduce total banking risk in their countries by being strong.
Read article
On the Economics of Ex-Post Transfers in a Federal State: A Mechanism Design Approach
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, T. Kuhn
WWDP, 95,
No. 95,
2008
Abstract
As a common feature in many federal states grants-in aid are payed to jurisdictions ex post, i.e. after local policy measures have chosen. We show that the central government cannot offer grants ex ante in a federal states with informational asymmetries as well as inter-temporal commitment problems. Local governments’ incentives to provide public goods are distorted if they rely on federal grants-in-aid offered ex post. Furthermore it becomes obvious that local governments are apt to substitute tax revenue for higher grants-in-aid if relevant local data are unobservable for the central government. To which extend ex post transfers mitigate local governments’ incentives crucially depends on the information structure predominant in the federation.
Read article
Strategien der neuen Bundesländer im Rahmen der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe „Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“ – Ein Vergleich –
Mirko Titze
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 14,
2007
Abstract
Die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe gehört zu den wichtigsten Instrumenten beim „Aufbau Ost“. Die Bundesländer haben hier einen relativ hohen Gestaltungsspielraum, gezielt industriepolitische Anreize zu setzen. Der vorliegende Beitrag ist auf die neuen Bundesländer fokussiert, da sie immer noch durch strukturelle Defizite gekennzeichnet sind. Vor dem Hintergrund sinkender Fördervolumina stehen die Länder mehr denn je unter Druck, ihre Subventionen effizient einzusetzen. Das kann beispielsweise durch eine regionale sowie sektorale Fokussierung geschehen. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass Brandenburg das einzige der neuen Bundesländer ist, das diese Fokussierung in seinen Richtlinien verankert hat.
Read article
Transport Costs and the Size of Cities: The Case of Russia
Albrecht Kauffmann
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Potsdam, Nr. 93,
No. 93,
2007
Abstract
Real costs of freight transportation have strong increased in Russia particularly during the period of price liberalization 1992–93. This paper investigates possible connections between rising transport costs and the evolution of the size structure of the system of cities in the Russian Federation and its federal subjects. Empirical findings suggest that under conditions of a closed system agglomeration processes according to the predictions of the model of Tabuchi et al. (2005) would have taken place especially in the periphere regions of the North and Far East.
Read article
Structural Policy in East Germany – A Discussion about the Common Task “Improvement of Regional Economic Structure“
Mirko Titze
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Trotz intensiver Wirtschaftsförderung ist es bis heute nicht gelungen, in den Neuen Bundesländern eine Art in sich selbst tragenden Aufschwung zu initiieren. Seit dem Jahr 1995 ist der Konvergenzprozeß Ostdeutschlands ins Stocken geraten. Auch wenn die ostdeutsche Konjunktur aktuell an Fahrt gewinnt, so ist die Sinnhaftigkeit der Wirtschaftsförderung in Ostdeutschland immer wieder Gegenstand der wirtschaftspolitischen Debatte. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem der wichtigsten Förderinstrumente im Rahmen des Aufbau Ost – der „Gemeinschaftsaufgabe zur Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“. Die Wirksamkeit dieses Instruments im Sinne des Wachstumsziels wurde in empirischen Studien nachgewiesen. Nichtsdestotrotz ist das über dieses Instrument zur Verfügung stehende Fördermittelvolumen in den letzten zehn Jahren sehr stark gesunken. Eine weitere Reduzierung der Mittel ist sehr wahrscheinlich. Bei immer noch vorhandenen strukturellen Defiziten müssen die Neuen Bundesländer auf diesen Umstand mit der stringenten Ausgestaltung ihrer Regionalen Förderprogramme reagieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, daß insbesondere in dem Regionalen Förderprogramm des Landes Brandenburg und ansatzweise auch in dem Sachsens ein individuelles Profil erkennbar wird. Ob diese Vorgehensweise die richtige ist, läßt sich ex ante jedoch nicht bestimmen.
Read article
Industry Specialization, Diversity and the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2007-018,
No. 18,
2007
Abstract
Innovation processes are characterized by a pronounced division of labor between actors. Two types of externality may arise from such interactions. On the one hand, a close location of actors affiliated to the same industry may stimulate innovation (MAR externalities). On the other hand, new ideas may be born by the exchange of heterogeneous and complementary knowledge between actors, which belong to different industries (Jacobs’ externalities). We test the impact of both MAR as well as Jacobs’ externalities on innovative performance at the regional level. The results suggest an inverted u-shaped relationship between regional specialization in certain industries and innovative performance. Further key determinants of the regional innovative performance are private sector R&D and university-industry collaboration.
Read article
What Determines the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2007-006,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
We assess the efficiency of regional innovation systems (RIS) in Germany by means of a knowledge production function. This function relates private sector research and development (R&D) activity in a region to the number of inventions that have been registered by residents of that region. Different measures and estimation approaches lead to rather similar assessments. We find that both spillovers within the private sector as well as from universities and other public research institutions have a positive effect on the efficiency of private sector R&D in the respective region. It is not the mere presence and size of public research institutions, but rather the intensity of interactions between private and public sector R&D that leads to high RIS efficiency. We find that relationship between the diversity of a regions’ industry structure and the efficiency of its innovation system is inversely u-shaped. Regions dominated by large establishments tend to be less efficient than regions with a lower average establishment size.
Read article
Die Gestaltung der Wirtschaftsstruktur durch das Land Brandenburg - Eine kritische Analyse der Subventionszahlungen für die CargoLifter AG
Mirko Titze
Forum der Forschung. Wissenschaftsmagazin der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus,
No. 17,
2004
Abstract
Die Subventionierung der CargoLifter AG erfolgte vor dem Hintergrund der so genannten „neuen Industriepolitik“. Im Rahmen dieser Politik identifiziert und fördert der Staat gezielt einzelne Branchen oder Unternehmen. Theoretisch begründet wird die neue Industriepolitik unter anderem mit der „strategischen Handelspolitik“. Die Theorie der strategischen Handelspolitik besagt, dass auf unvollkommenen Märkten mit sinkenden Durchschnittskosten und hohen Markteintrittsbarrieren eine Subventionierung eines inländischen Unternehmens zu Wohlstandsgewinnen für die subventionierende Region führen kann. Der Beitrag wird sich kritisch damit auseinandersetzen, ob im Fall der CargoLifter AG eine wirksame strategische Handelspolitik durch das Land Brandenburg durchgeführt wurde. Darüber hinaus wird auf Probleme einer strategischen Handelspolitik eingegangen.
Read article
