Neoclassical versus Keynesian approaches to Eastern German unemployment: a rejoinder to Merkl and Snower
Udo Ludwig, John B. Hall
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
This rejoinder contrasts a Keynesian approach for explaining unemployment in Germany’s eastern region with a neoclassical, market-failure approach advanced by Christian Merkl and Dennis Snower: A skewed distribution of headquarters favoring the western region, combined with insufficient levels of effictive demand for output – and subsequently for labor – are argued to be the key causes of persistent unemployment. Seven tables offer a comparative approach to output, investment, and labor demand in Germany’s eastern and western regions, noting the emergence and persistence of „involuntary“ unemployment appearing as a jobs‘ gap in the eastern region, especially for services.
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Economic Upswing and Vitalization of the Labor Market – Who Gains From the Upswing?
Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2008
Abstract
Die Stimmung über die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Deutschland kann eher als verhalten denn euphorisch bezeichnet werden. Und dies, obwohl sich die Wirtschaft nun schon seit 2005 in einer neuen Aufschwungphase befindet und die Zuwachsraten des Bruttoinlandsprodukts deutlich über 2% pro Jahr liegen.
Getragen wird der Aufschwung im Wesentlichen von der Exportentwicklung und den inländischen Investitionen. Als „Stiefkind“ der Entwicklung wird demgegenüber die Entwicklung des privaten Verbrauchs angesehen. Diese Entwicklung wird begleitet von positiven Signalen des Arbeitsmarkts: sinkende Arbeitslosenzahlen, steigende Beschäftigung, auch in sozialversicherungspflichtigen Verhältnissen, und eine verminderte Anzahl von Personen in arbeitsmarktpolitischen Fördermaßnahmen. Aber diese positive Entwicklung hat sich für weite Bereiche der Erwerbspersonen noch nicht einkommenswirksam in gestiegene Kaufkraft umgesetzt. Das kann dann zu der Einschätzung führen, dass „gefühlte“ und tatsächliche Entwicklung auseinanderklaffen oder nicht alle Teile der Bevölkerung einigermaßen gleichmäßig vom Aufschwung profitieren. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert, was sich hinter einer „gefühlten“ Entwicklung verbergen könnte, und gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass tatsächliche und „gefühlte“ Entwicklung gar nicht so weit voneinander entfernt liegen.
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On the Economics of Ex-Post Transfers in a Federal State: A Mechanism Design Approach
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, T. Kuhn
WWDP, 95,
No. 95,
2008
Abstract
As a common feature in many federal states grants-in aid are payed to jurisdictions ex post, i.e. after local policy measures have chosen. We show that the central government cannot offer grants ex ante in a federal states with informational asymmetries as well as inter-temporal commitment problems. Local governments’ incentives to provide public goods are distorted if they rely on federal grants-in-aid offered ex post. Furthermore it becomes obvious that local governments are apt to substitute tax revenue for higher grants-in-aid if relevant local data are unobservable for the central government. To which extend ex post transfers mitigate local governments’ incentives crucially depends on the information structure predominant in the federation.
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Deeper, Wider and More Competitive? Monetary Integration, Eastern Enlargement and Competitiveness in the European Union
Gianmarco Ottaviano, Daria Taglioni, Filippo di Mauro
ECB Working Paper,
No. 847,
2008
Abstract
What determines a country’s ability to compete in international markets? What fosters the global competitiveness of its firms? And in the European context, have key elements of the EU strategy such as EMU and enlargement helped or hindered domestic firms’ competitiveness in local and global markets? We address these questions by calibrating and simulating a conceptual framework that, based on Melitz and Ottaviano (2005), predicts that tougher and more transparent international competition forces less productive firms out the market, thereby increasing average productivity as well as reducing average prices and mark-ups. The model also predicts a parallel reduction of price dispersion within sectors. Our conceptual framework allows us to disentangle the effects of technology and freeness of entry from those of accessibility. On the one hand, by controlling for the impact of trade frictions, we are able to construct an index of ‘revealed competitiveness’, which would drive the relative performance of countries in an ideal world in which all faced the same barriers to international transactions. On the other hand, by focusing on the role of accessibility while keeping ‘revealed competitiveness’ as given, we are able to evaluate the impacts of EMU and enlargement on the competitiveness of European firms. We find that EMU positively affects the competitiveness of firms located in participating economies. Enlargement has, instead, two contrasting effects. It improves the accessibility of EU members but it also increases substantially the relative importance of unproductive competitors from Eastern Europe. JEL Classification: F12, R13.
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Interbank Exposures: An Empirical Examination of Contagion Risk in the Belgian Banking System
Hans Degryse, Grégory Nguyen
International Journal of Central Banking,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the proper functioning of modern financial systems. However, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. We investigate the evolution and determinants of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993–2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks, large bilateral interbank exposures, and cross-border interbank exposures. The "structure" of the interbank market affects contagion risk. We find that a change from a complete structure (where all banks have symmetric links) toward a "multiplemoney-center" structure (where money centers are symmetrically linked to otherwise disconnected banks) has decreased the risk and impact of contagion. In addition, an increase in the relative importance of cross-border interbank exposures has lowered local contagion risk. However, this reduction may have been compensated by an increase in contagion risk stemming from foreign banks.
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Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, Farid Toubal
European Economic Review,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
Standard neoclassical models of economic integration are based on the assumptions that capital and labor are substitutes and that the geography of factor market integration does not matter. Yet, these two assumptions are violated if agglomeration forces among factors from specific source countries are at work. Agglomeration implies that factors behave as complements and that the country of origin matters. This paper analyzes agglomeration between capital and labor empirically. We use state-level German data to answer the question whether and how migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) are linked. Stocks of inward FDI and of immigrants have similar determinants, and the geography of factor market integration matters. There are higher stocks of inward FDI in German states hosting a large foreign population from the same country of origin. This agglomeration effect is confined to higher-income source countries.
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Banks’ Internationalization Strategies: The Role of Bank Capital Regulation
Diemo Dietrich, Uwe Vollmer
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 18,
2006
Abstract
This paper studies how capital requirements influence a bank’s mode of entry into foreign financial markets. We develop a model of an internationally operating bank that creates and allocates liquidity across countries and argue that the advantage of multinational banking over offering cross-border financial services depends on the benefit and the cost of intimacy with local markets. The benefit is that it allows to create more liquidity. The cost is that it causes inefficiencies in internal capital markets, on which a multinational bank relies to allocate liquidity across countries. Capital requirements affect this trade-off by influencing the degree of inefficiency in internal capital markets.
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Labor market balance: further deterioration of the labor market situation
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
Im Jahr 2005 hat sich infolge der Produktionsschwäche die an sich schon schwierige Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nochmals verschlechtert. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen (Inland) nahm gegenüber dem Vorjahr um 74 000 Personen bzw. 1,3% ab. Nur durch die Ausweitung von staatlich subventionierten Ich-AGs (ca. +30 000) sowie der Bereitstellung von Arbeitsgelegenheiten (ca. +90 000), die beide statistisch den Erwerbstätigen zugeordnet werden, kam es zu keinem noch stärkeren Rückgang.
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Labor market balance in East Germany: Employment gap hardly diminished
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
Im Jahr 2005 hat sich wegen der schwachen Produktionszunahme und trotz des nach wie vor verhaltenen Anstiegs der Lohnkostenbelastung der Produktion die Lage auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt weiter verschlechtert. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen nahm durch die Ausdehnung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen gegenüber dem Vorjahr mit 0,1% zwar nur leicht ab. Besonders stark war jedoch der Rückgang der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Die registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit stieg zu Beginn des Jahres insbesondere als Folge des Inkrafttretens von Hartz IV kräftig an, bildete sich allerdings im Verlauf des Jahres zurück. Die Diskrepanz zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage nach Arbeitsplätzen ist nach wie vor groß. Insgesamt fehlen ca. 1,9 Mio. Arbeitsplätze. Damit beträgt die Unterbeschäftigungsquote ca. 24%. Auch im kommenden Jahr ist keine Besserung auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt zu erwarten.
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Non-market Allocation in Transport: A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition
Ulrich Blum
50 Years of Transport Research: Experiences Gained and Major Challenges Ahead,
2005
Abstract
Economic theory knows two systems of coordination: through public choice or through the market principle. If the market is chosen, then it may either be regulated, or it may be fully competitive (or be in between these two extremes). This paper first inquires into the reasons for regulation, it analyses the reasons for the important role of government in the transportation sector, especially in the procurement of infrastructure. Historical reasons are seen as important reasons for bureaucratic objections to deregulation. Fundamental economic concepts are forwarded that suggest market failure and justify a regulatory environment. The reasons for regulation cited above, however, may be challenged; we forward theoretical concepts from industrial organization theory and from institutional economics which suggest that competition is even possible on the level of infrastructure. The transition from a strongly regulated to a competitive environment poses problems that have given lieu to numerous failures in privatization and deregulation. Structural inertia plays an important role, and the incentive-compatible management of infrastructure is seen as the key element of any liberal transportation policy. It requires that the setting of rules on the meta level satisfies both local and global efficiency ends. We conclude that, in market economies, competition and regulation should not be substitutes but complements. General rules, an "ethic of competition" have to be set that guarantee a level playing field to agents; it is complimented by institutions that provide arbitration in case of misconduct.
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