Shadow Budgets, Fiscal Illusion and Municipal Spending: The Case of Germany
Peter Haug
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 9,
2009
Abstract
The paper investigates the existence of fiscal illusion in German municipalities with special focus on the revenues from local public enterprises. These shadow budgets tend to increase the misperception of municipal tax prices and seem to have been neglected in the literature. Therefore, an aggregated expenditure function has been estimated for all German independent cities applying an “integrated budget” approach, which means
that revenues and expenditures of the core budget and the local public enterprises are combined to one single municipal budget. The estimation results suggest that a higher relative share of local public enterprise revenues might increase total per capita spending as well as spending for non-obligatory municipal goods and services. Empirical evidence for other sources of fiscal illusion is mixed but some indications for debt illusion, renter illusion or the flypaper effect could be found.
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Chronik der Weltfinanzkrise
Juliane Scharff
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Themenheft Weltfinanzkrise -
2009
Abstract
Die Weltfinanzkrise nahm ihren Ausgang im Herbst 2006, als der Abschwung auf den US-Immobilienmärkten einsetzte. Seit Beginn des Jahrzehnts erlebten diese einen Boom, der Anteil privatfinanzierter Hypothekenkredite minderer Bonität (subprime mortgages) nahm stark zu. Eine Vielzahl der Kredite wurde durch Finanzinstitute als so genannte mortgage backed securities verbrieft und weiterverkauft. Insbesondere die Verbriefung von Kreditforderungen jenseits des Prime-Segments wurde mit Hilfe der collateralized debt obligations (CDO) ausgeweitet. Die seit Ende 2006 zunehmenden Zahlungsausfälle bei Hypothekenkrediten führten über vermehrte Zwangsverkäufe zu einem verstärkten Preisdruck auf den Immobilienmärkten. Finanzpapiere, die von den Finanzinstituten unter Einbeziehung der Hypothekenkredite emittiert und gehandelt wurden, verloren drastisch an Wert. Dies gefährdete die Stabilität von auf Immobilienkredite spezialisierten Finanzinstituten. Im Folgenden werden wichtige Ereignisse der Weltfinanzkrise chronologisch aufgeführt.
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Die Phasen der weltweiten Finanzkrise: Gibt es eine „wandernde“ spekulative Blase?
Lucjan T. Orlowski
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Themenheft Weltfinanzkrise -
2009
Abstract
Die globale Finanzkrise der Jahre 2007 und 2008 unterscheidet sich von den Finanzkrisenepisoden vergangener Jahre durch ihre systemische Komplexität und die Übertragung von Effekten auf andere Kreditfelder sowie in die globalen Finanz- und Gütermärkte. Als Resultate erscheinen eine dramatische Verschlechterung der Qualität der Vermögenswerte des internationalen Bankensys-tems und seiner Kreditvergabemöglichkeiten sowie letztendlich eine Beeinträchtigung des Wirtschaftswachstums. Das Ausmaß der Krise übertrifft bei Weitem die temporäre Schrumpfung des amerikanischen Hypothekenmarkts und den drastischen Rückgang der so genannten strukturierten Finanzprodukte, die auf risikoreichen Hypotheken beruhten und zu denen insbesondere die Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) zählten.
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Growth, Volatility, and Credit Market Imperfections: Evidence from German Firms
Claudia M. Buch, Jörg Döpke
Journal of Economic Studies,
2008
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it studies whether output volatility and growth are linked at the firm-level, using data for German firms. Second, it explores whether the link between volatility and growth depends on the degree of credit market imperfections.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a novel firm-level dataset provided by the Deutsche Bundesbank, the so-called Financial Statements Data Pool. The dataset has time series observations for German firms for the period 1997-2004, and the authors use information on the debt-to-assets or leverage ratio of firms to proxy for credit-constraints at the firm-level. As additional proxies for the importance of credit market imperfections, we use information on the size and on the legal status of firms.
Findings – The authors find that higher volatility has a negative impact on growth for small and a positive impact for larger firms. Higher leverage is associated with higher growth. At the same time, there is heterogeneity in the determinants of growth across firms from different sectors and across firms with a different legal status.
Practical implications – While most traditional macroeconomic models assume that growth and volatility are uncorrelated, a number of microeconomic models suggest that the two may be linked. However, it is unclear whether the link is positive or negative. The paper presents additional evidence regarding this question. Moreover, understanding whether credit market conditions affect the link between volatility and growth is of importance for policy makers since it suggests a channel through which the credit market can have long-run welfare implications. The results stress the importance of firm-level heterogeneity for the effects and effectiveness of economic policy measures.
Originality/value – The paper has two main novel features. First, it uses a novel firm-level dataset to analyze the determinants of firm-level growth. Second, it analyzes the growth-volatility nexus using firm-level data. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper, which addresses the link between volatility, growth, and credit market imperfections using firm-level data.
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Original Sin - Analysing Its Mechanics and a proposed Remedy in a Simple Macroeconomic Model
Axel Lindner
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
This paper analyses the problem of “original sin“ (the fact that the currency of an emerging market economy usually cannot be used to borrow abroad) in a simple thirdgeneration model of currency crises. The approach differs from alternative frameworks by explicitly modeling the price setting behavior of firms if prices are sticky and the future exchange rate is uncertain. Monetary policy optimally trades off effects on price competitiveness and on debt burdens of firms. It is shown that the proposal by Eichengreen and Hausmann of creating an artificial basket currency as denominator of debt is attractive as a provision against contagion.
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The Loss Distribution of the Entrepreneurial Bad Debt Risk – a Simulation-based Model
Henry Dannenberg
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
Ein wichtiges Instrument des Risikocontrollings stellt die Unterlegung von Risiken mit Eigenkapital- bzw. Liquiditätsreserven dar. Hierfür ist es erforderlich, für alle wesentlichen Einzelrisiken Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen der möglichen Verluste zu bestimmen, auf deren Grundlage die Ermittlung des Eigenkapitalbedarfs erfolgen kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein simulationsbasiertes Modell vorgestellt, daß eine Bewertung des Forderungsausfallrisikos eines gewerblichen Unternehmens ermöglicht. Es werden Wege aufgezeigt, wie die Risikokomponenten Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit, Ausfallquote und Forderungshöhe zum Ausfallzeitpunkt geschätzt werden können. Dabei werden sowohl Unsicherheiten bei der Bestimmung der Inputfaktoren als auch deren Variabilität berücksichtigt. Für den Fall, daß ein Unternehmen nicht in der Lage ist, alle Risikokomponenten selbständig zu schätzen, werden auf Grundlage einer empirischen Erhebung Verteilungsfunktionen zur Bestimmung der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit und der Ausfallquote zur Verfügung gestellt.
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Asset Tangibility and Capital Allocation within Multinational Corporations
Diemo Dietrich
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2006
Abstract
We investigate capital allocation across a firm's divisions that differ with respect to the degree of asset tangibility. We adopt an incomplete contracting approach where the outcome of potential debt renegotiations depends on the liquidation value of assets. However, with diversity in terms of asset tangibility, liquidation proceeds depend on how funds have been allocated across divisions. As diversity can be traced back to institutional differences between countries, we provide a rationale for multidivisional decision- making in an international context. A main finding is that multinationals may be bound to go to certain countries when financiers cannot control the capital allocation.
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Investment and Internal Finance: Asymmetric Information or Managerial Discretion?
Hans Degryse, Abe de Jong
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
No. 1,
2006
Abstract
This paper examines the investment-cash flow sensitivity of publicly listed firms in The Netherlands. Investment-cash flow sensitivities can be attributed to overinvestment resulting from the abuse of managerial discretion, but also to underinvestment due to information problems. The Dutch corporate governance structure presents a number of distinctive features, in particular the limited influence of shareholders, the presence of large blockholders, and the importance of bank ties. We expect that in The Netherlands, the managerial discretion problem is more important than the asymmetric information problem. We use Tobin's Q to discriminate between firms with these problems, where LOW Q firms face the managerial discretion problem and HIGH Q firms the asymmetric information problem. As hypothesized, we find substantially larger investment-cash flow sensitivity for LOW Q firms. Moreover, specifically in the LOW Q sample, we find that firms with higher (bank) debt have lower investment-cash flow sensitivity. This finding shows that leverage, and particularly bank debt, is a key disciplinary mechanism which reduces the managerial discretion problem.
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Deposit Insurance, Moral Hazard and Market Monitoring
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala
Review of Finance,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
The paper analyses the relationship between deposit insurance, debt-holder monitoring, and risk taking. In a stylised banking model we show that deposit insurance may reduce moral hazard, if deposit insurance credibly leaves out non-deposit creditors. Testing the model using EU bank level data yields evidence consistent with the model, suggesting that explicit deposit insurance may serve as a commitment device to limit the safety net and permit monitoring by uninsured subordinated debt holders. We further find that credible limits to the safety net reduce risk taking of smaller banks with low charter values and sizeable subordinated debt shares only. However, we also find that the introduction of explicit deposit insurance tends to increase the share of insured deposits in banks' liabilities.
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Markets for Bank Subordinated Debt and Equity in Basel Committee Member Countries
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala
BCBS Working Papers, No. 12,
No. 12,
2003
Abstract
This Basel Committee working paper is a study of the markets for banks' securities in ten countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States). It aims at contributing to the assessment of the potential effectiveness of direct and indirect market discipline. This is achieved through collecting a rich set of data on the detailed characteristics of the instruments used by banks to tap capital markets, the frequency and size of their issuance activity, and the share of issuing banks in national banking systems. Further, information is collected on the amounts of debt and equity outstanding and about trading volumes and liquidity. Developments over the period from 1990-2001 are evaluated.
The paper focuses on subordinated bonds among banks' debt instruments, because they are the prime class of uninsured instruments suited to generate market discipline and have been proposed by some observers as a mandatory requirement for banks.
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