Inflation Expectations: Does the Market Beat Professional Forecasts?
Makram El-Shagi
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 16,
2009
Abstract
The present paper compares expected inflation to (econometric) inflation forecasts
based on a number of forecasting techniques from the literature using a panel of
ten industrialized countries during the period of 1988 to 2007. To capture expected
inflation we develop a recursive filtering algorithm which extracts unexpected inflation from real interest rate data, even in the presence of diverse risks and a potential Mundell-Tobin-effect.
The extracted unexpected inflation is compared to the forecasting errors of ten
econometric forecasts. Beside the standard AR(p) and ARMA(1,1) models, which
are known to perform best on average, we also employ several Phillips curve based approaches, VAR, dynamic factor models and two simple model avering approaches.
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Low Skill but High Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2665,
2009
Abstract
Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from Manufacturing Industries
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
This paper analyses the extent of technological capability of foreign subsidiaries located in East Germany, and looks at the determinants of foreign subsidiaries’ technological sourcing behaviour. The theory of international production underlines the importance of strategic and regional level variables. However, existing empirical approaches omit by and large regional level factors. We employ survey evidence from the “FDI micro data- base” of the IWH, that was only recently made available, to conduct our analyses. We find that foreign subsidiaries are above average technologically active in comparison to the whole East German manufacturing. This can be partially explained by the industrial structure of foreign direct investment. However, only a limited share of foreign subsidiaries with R&D and/or innovation activity source technological knowledge from the East German innovation system. If a subsidiary follows a competence augmenting strategy or does local trade, it is more likely to source technological knowledge locally. The endowment of a region with human capital and a scientific infrastructure has a positive effect too. The findings suggest that foreign subsidiaries in East Germany are only partially linked with the regional innovation system. Policy implications are discussed.
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Regional origins of employment volatility: evidence from German states
Claudia M. Buch
CES IFO Working Paper No. 2296,
2008
Abstract
Greater openness for trade can have positive welfare effects in terms of higher growth. But increased openness may also increase uncertainty through a higher volatility of employment. We use regional data from Germany to test whether openness for trade has an impact on volatility. We find a downward trend in the unconditional volatility of employment, paralleling patterns for output volatility. The conditional volatility of employment, measuring idiosyncratic developments across states, in contrast, has remained fairly unchanged. In contrast to evidence for the US, we do not find a significant link between employment volatility and trade openness.
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Determinants of Female Migration – The Case of German NUTS 3 Regions
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 12,
2007
Abstract
Our study examines the regional patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. An econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows gives evidence of the importance of labour market, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities, in addition they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant influence for young women’s migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates a long lasting effect on the regional migration balance, especially when the educational opportunities in the destination region are associated with adequate career perspectives for high qualified female graduates. In view of considerable losses due to migration, the study shows various options for action. An important course of action is to incorporate policy measures improving regional employment and income opportunities. Secondly, extending vocational and academic offers addressed to women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate women’s immigration. Moreover, enhancing the social infrastructure, which contributes to a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving a region.
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Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?
Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).
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Productivity and employment effects of staff participation
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2006
Abstract
Die Beteiligung der Mitarbeiter am Kapital und der den Erträgen der Unternehmen fand in den vergangenen Monaten eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit in der Wirtschaftspresse. Hierfür gibt es eine Reihe von Ursachen: der positive Beitrag zu Produktivität und Beschäftigung, die verbesserte Entlohnung und die erhöhte Motivation der Arbeitnehmer und schließlich die Stabilisierung der Finanzierung vor allem bei mittelständischen Unternehmen vor dem Hintergrund von Basel II, also den Eigenkapitalrichtlinien für Banken, die damit ihre Ausleihungen risikoadäquat bepreisen werden. Unter dem Begriff der Mitarbeiterbeteiligung findet sich eine Fülle alternativer Gestaltungen, die davon abhängen, welche Rechtsform das Unternehmen besitzt, ob nur Erträge ausgeschüttet werden sollen oder ob eine Beteiligung am Kapital – und hier entweder beim Eigen- oder beim Fremdkapital erfolgen soll. Die damit auftretende Fülle von Ausprägungen macht es statistisch enorm schwierig, klare Nachweise für Vorteile zu führen, vor allem aber nachzuweisen, wie die vermuteten Wirkungsmechanismen ablaufen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Relevanz von Mitarbeiterbeteiligungen für den Unternehmenserfolg aus Sicht der Literatur und zwei eigenen Forschungsbeiträgen dargestellt, um Aussagen über deren wirtschaftliche Wirkungen zu gewinnen und abzuleiten, ob sie grundsätzlich geeignet sind, Arbeitnehmer an Erträge aus Wissen und Kapital heranzuführen. Tatsächlich läßt sich zeigen, daß die Strukturen von Unternehmen mit Mitarbeiterbeteiligungen, vor allem im Mittelstand, erheblich von denen ohne derartige Angebote abweicht. Bei gegebenem Wirtschaftszweig sind sie in erfolgreicheren Märkten tätig als der Durchschnitt der Unternehmen. Die Erfolgsbeiträge bei den Unternehmern sind schwer zu messen, weil sie verteilt werden, und nicht allein als erhöhte Gewinne erscheinen. Vielmehr fließen diese Produktivitätsgewinne auch den Kunden durch verbesserte Qualität zu, was wiederum risikosenkend wirkt, oder sie erhöhen den Wert des Unternehmens.
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Microeconometric Evaluation of Selected ESF-funded ALMP-Programmes
Eva Reinowski, Birgit Schultz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2006
Abstract
The study evaluates different ESF-funded labour market programmes by comparing the labour market status at different points in time after the treatment. In order to solve the selection problem we employ a standard matching algorithm with a multi-dimensional distance measure. The effects of the analyzed programmes (wage subsidies, start-up subsidies and qualification measures for recipients of social welfare) are very heterogeneous. It can be observed that the direct integration into the regular labour market provides an advantage for the supported individuals. Its lasting effects, however, strongly depend on the group of persons being supported, the type of treatment and the employers’ financial share.
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Who Invests in Training if Contracts are Temporary? - Empirical Evidence for Germany Using Selection Correction
Jan Sauermann
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 14,
2006
Abstract
This study deals with the effect of fixed-term contracts on work-related training. Though previous studies found a negative effect of fixed-term contracts on the participation in training, from the theoretical point of view it is not clear whether workers with fixed-term contracts receive less or more training, compared to workers with permanent contracts. In addition to the existing strand of literature, we especially distinguish between employer- and employee-financed training in order to allow for diverging investment patterns of worker and firm. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), we estimate a bivariate probit model to control for selection effects that may arise from unobservable factors, affecting both participation in training and holding fixed-term contracts. Finding negative effects for employer-sponsored, as well as for employee-sponsored training, leads us to conclude that workers with fixed-term contracts do not compensate for lower firm investments.
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IWH industry survey East Germany, beginning of 2006: turnover prospects also without effects on employment in 2006
Sophie Wörsdorfer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
Das Verarbeitende Gewerbe entwickelte sich im Jahr 2005 bei einem Umsatzzuwachs von 6,9% gegenüber 2004 deutlich günstiger als die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft insgesamt. Die konjunkturelle Erholung der Industrie schlägt sich auch in der guten Ertragslage der Betriebe nieder: drei von fünf Unternehmen schrieben im vergangenen Jahr Gewinne. Dabei befindet sich ein besonders hoher Anteil an erfolgreichen Unternehmen unter den Exporteuren, von denen ca. 67% das Jahr 2005 mit Gewinn abschlossen. Für dieses Jahr erwartet das Gros, d. h. mehr als zwei von drei Firmen, einen Anstieg der Umsätze. Insgesamt veranschlagten die Unternehmen ein Umsatzplus von 2,5%. Die Erwartungen dürften aber eher den unteren Rand des Möglichen kennzeichnen. Trotz der Umsatzsteigerung ist keine Entspannung am Arbeitsmarkt in Sicht. Dort, wo für 2006 positive Zuwachsraten beim Umsatz veranschlagt werden, ist in lediglich 38% der Fälle auch eine Personalaufstockung beabsichtigt. Insgesamt wird es keinen Aufbau der Beschäftigung geben: so steht einer leichten Aufstockung der Beschäftigtenzahl im Investitionsgütergewerbe (+4%) die Reduzierung des Personalbestands in der Konsumgüterindustrie gegenüber (-5,6%). In diesem Zusammenhang dürften sowohl Produktivitätsreserven als auch Kündigungsmodalitäten sowie die Langfristigkeit der Personalplanung eine Rolle spielen.
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