Interbank Exposures: An Empirical Examination of Contagion Risk in the Belgian Banking System
Hans Degryse, Grégory Nguyen
International Journal of Central Banking,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the proper functioning of modern financial systems. However, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. We investigate the evolution and determinants of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993–2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks, large bilateral interbank exposures, and cross-border interbank exposures. The "structure" of the interbank market affects contagion risk. We find that a change from a complete structure (where all banks have symmetric links) toward a "multiplemoney-center" structure (where money centers are symmetrically linked to otherwise disconnected banks) has decreased the risk and impact of contagion. In addition, an increase in the relative importance of cross-border interbank exposures has lowered local contagion risk. However, this reduction may have been compensated by an increase in contagion risk stemming from foreign banks.
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Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, Farid Toubal
European Economic Review,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
Standard neoclassical models of economic integration are based on the assumptions that capital and labor are substitutes and that the geography of factor market integration does not matter. Yet, these two assumptions are violated if agglomeration forces among factors from specific source countries are at work. Agglomeration implies that factors behave as complements and that the country of origin matters. This paper analyzes agglomeration between capital and labor empirically. We use state-level German data to answer the question whether and how migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) are linked. Stocks of inward FDI and of immigrants have similar determinants, and the geography of factor market integration matters. There are higher stocks of inward FDI in German states hosting a large foreign population from the same country of origin. This agglomeration effect is confined to higher-income source countries.
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Banks’ Internationalization Strategies: The Role of Bank Capital Regulation
Diemo Dietrich, Uwe Vollmer
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 18,
2006
Abstract
This paper studies how capital requirements influence a bank’s mode of entry into foreign financial markets. We develop a model of an internationally operating bank that creates and allocates liquidity across countries and argue that the advantage of multinational banking over offering cross-border financial services depends on the benefit and the cost of intimacy with local markets. The benefit is that it allows to create more liquidity. The cost is that it causes inefficiencies in internal capital markets, on which a multinational bank relies to allocate liquidity across countries. Capital requirements affect this trade-off by influencing the degree of inefficiency in internal capital markets.
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Labor market balance: further deterioration of the labor market situation
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
Im Jahr 2005 hat sich infolge der Produktionsschwäche die an sich schon schwierige Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nochmals verschlechtert. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen (Inland) nahm gegenüber dem Vorjahr um 74 000 Personen bzw. 1,3% ab. Nur durch die Ausweitung von staatlich subventionierten Ich-AGs (ca. +30 000) sowie der Bereitstellung von Arbeitsgelegenheiten (ca. +90 000), die beide statistisch den Erwerbstätigen zugeordnet werden, kam es zu keinem noch stärkeren Rückgang.
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Labor market balance in East Germany: Employment gap hardly diminished
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
Im Jahr 2005 hat sich wegen der schwachen Produktionszunahme und trotz des nach wie vor verhaltenen Anstiegs der Lohnkostenbelastung der Produktion die Lage auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt weiter verschlechtert. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen nahm durch die Ausdehnung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen gegenüber dem Vorjahr mit 0,1% zwar nur leicht ab. Besonders stark war jedoch der Rückgang der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Die registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit stieg zu Beginn des Jahres insbesondere als Folge des Inkrafttretens von Hartz IV kräftig an, bildete sich allerdings im Verlauf des Jahres zurück. Die Diskrepanz zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage nach Arbeitsplätzen ist nach wie vor groß. Insgesamt fehlen ca. 1,9 Mio. Arbeitsplätze. Damit beträgt die Unterbeschäftigungsquote ca. 24%. Auch im kommenden Jahr ist keine Besserung auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt zu erwarten.
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Non-market Allocation in Transport: A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition
Ulrich Blum
50 Years of Transport Research: Experiences Gained and Major Challenges Ahead,
2005
Abstract
Economic theory knows two systems of coordination: through public choice or through the market principle. If the market is chosen, then it may either be regulated, or it may be fully competitive (or be in between these two extremes). This paper first inquires into the reasons for regulation, it analyses the reasons for the important role of government in the transportation sector, especially in the procurement of infrastructure. Historical reasons are seen as important reasons for bureaucratic objections to deregulation. Fundamental economic concepts are forwarded that suggest market failure and justify a regulatory environment. The reasons for regulation cited above, however, may be challenged; we forward theoretical concepts from industrial organization theory and from institutional economics which suggest that competition is even possible on the level of infrastructure. The transition from a strongly regulated to a competitive environment poses problems that have given lieu to numerous failures in privatization and deregulation. Structural inertia plays an important role, and the incentive-compatible management of infrastructure is seen as the key element of any liberal transportation policy. It requires that the setting of rules on the meta level satisfies both local and global efficiency ends. We conclude that, in market economies, competition and regulation should not be substitutes but complements. General rules, an "ethic of competition" have to be set that guarantee a level playing field to agents; it is complimented by institutions that provide arbitration in case of misconduct.
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Network Access Charges, Vertical Integration, and Property Rights Structure
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
Energy Economics,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
After the deregulation of the German electricity markets in 1998, the German government opted for a regulatory regime called negotiated third party access, which would be subject to ex post control by the federal cartel office. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers. As the electricity networks are incontestable natural monopolies, the local and regional network operators are able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, limited only by their concerns over possible interference by the federal cartel office (Bundeskartellamt). In this paper we analyse if there is evidence for varying charging behaviour depending on a supplier`s economic independence (structure of property rights) or its level of vertical integration. For this purpose we hypothesise that incorporated and vertically integrated suppliers set different charges than independent utility companies. Multivariate estimations show a relation between network access charges and the network operator’s economic independence as well as level of vertical integration. On the low voltage level, for an estimated annual consumption of 1700 kW/h, vertically integrated firms set – as predicted by our hypothesis - significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers. There is insufficient evidence available to confirm these results for other consumptions or voltage levels.
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Labor market review: Who is employed, who is underemployed?
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
Das IWH erarbeitet seit Jahren regelmäßig eine Arbeitsmarktbilanz. Damit wird das Ziel verfolgt, Umfang und Struktur der Erwerbstätigkeit sowie der Unterbeschäftigung in Ost- und Westdeutschland aufzuzeigen sowie die Entwicklung der einzelnen Komponenten der Erwerbstätigkeit und der Unterbeschäftigung zu prognostizieren. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Frage, wie sich die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen im ersten Arbeitsmarkt in Abgrenzung von der Zahl der Erwerbstätigen im zweiten Arbeitsmarkt entwickelt. Hinzu kommt, dass bei der Vielfalt von arbeitsmarktpolitischen Programmen oftmals schwer zu diskriminieren ist, ob die Teilnehmer der einzelnen Maßnahme statistisch als erwerbstätig oder als arbeitslos gezählt werden oder gar aus beiden Statistiken „herausfallen“ und damit einer der vielen Formen der „sonstigen Unterbeschäftigung“ zuzurechnen sind. Für die fundierte Beurteilung der Arbeitsmarktlage und die Ableitung wirtschaftspolitischer Vorschläge ist es jedoch unumgänglich, ein statistisch exaktes Abbild von Erwerbstätigkeit und Unterbeschäftigung in ihren vielfältigen Formen vorzulegen. Aus diesen Gründen wird am IWH seit über elf Jahren kontinuierlich an der Fortentwicklung der institutseigenen Arbeitsmarktbilanz gearbeitet.
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The Impact of Technology and Regulation on the Geographical Scope of Banking
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse the current state of the European banking sector. We discuss both theoretical contributions and empirical work and highlight open questions along the way. We draw three main lessons from the current theoretical and empirical literature: (i) bank lending to small businesses in Europe may be characterized both by (local) spatial pricing and resilient (regional and/or national) market segmentation; (ii) because of informational asymmetries in the retail market, bank mergers and acquisitions seem the optimal route of entering another market, long before cross-border servicing or direct entry are economically feasible; and (iii) current technological and regulatory developments may, to a large extent, remain impotent in further dismantling the various residual but mutually reinforcing frictions in the retail banking markets in Europe. We conclude the paper by offering pertinent policy recommendations based on these three lessons.
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The Contestable Markets Theory - Efficient Advice for Economic Policy
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
Externe Publikationen,
2004
Abstract
During the nineties of the last century several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry lag. Our analysis shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions be complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this „revised“ contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication sections local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, expected high entry lags and a probably short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks, which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non-contestable monopolistic networks.
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