Lower Firm-Specific Productivity Levels in East Germany and East European Industrial Branches: The Role of Managerial Factors
Johannes Stephan
Germany’s Economic Performance: From Unification to Euroization,
2007
Abstract
During the socialist era, companies in East Germany became much weaker than firms in West Germany in terms of technology and competitiveness. In large part, this may be rooted in the different incentive structures of the two systems: whereas in the West, the criterion for companies’ success was their ability to remain in business and generate income in a contestable market environment, firms in the East were required to fulfil a plan to which they were subjected without having their opinions considered.
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Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches
Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
2006
Abstract
This research assesses the firm-specific reasons for lower producitivity levels between West and East German firms. The study is based on a unique data-base generated by field-work in the two particularly important sectors of machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in explaining lower productivity levels, as well as particularly networking activities, and the use of modern technologies for communication. Classifying those as management-functions beyond the organisation of the production process itself, we identify management deficits as the main specific determinants of productivity gaps between West and East German firms.
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Patents and technology transfer from universities - a literature review
Sidonia vonLedebur
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2006
Abstract
In Hochschulen wird Wissen produziert, das dort nicht kommerziell genutzt werden kann und in die Wirtschaft transferiert werden muß, um sein Potential auszuschöpfen. Die Abschaffung des Hochschullehrerprivilegs im Jahr 2002 und die Errichtung von regionalen Patentverwertungsagenturen zielen auf eine höhere Anzahl von Patenten von Wissenschaftlern, die anschließend durch die Agenturen an Unternehmen vermitteln werden. Dieser Weg spiegelt aber nur einen kleinen Teil der möglichen Formen von Wissenstransfer wider. Der Artikel zeigt einen Überblick wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema, aus denen sich Aufgaben für die Wirtschaftspolitik ableiten lassen. Zwei wichtige Änderungsvorschläge ergeben sich: Die Fokussierung auf Patente sollte einer allgemeinen Betrachtung des Wissenstransfers weichen. Die Patentverwertungsagenturen sollten daher vielmehr zu Serviceeinrichtungen rund um den Wissenstransfer werden. Alternativ ließen sich die Transferstellen an den Hochschulen, die bislang eher beratend arbeiten oder sich auf Existenzgründungen konzentrieren, ausbauen. Da sich zudem der Nutzen des Wissenstransfers erst auf gesamtwirtschaftlicher Ebene voll entfaltet, ist eine dauerhafte staatliche Unterstützung der Transferstellen an den Hochschulen notwendig. Das oft verwendete Vorbild der Patentverwertung in den USA läßt sich wegen einer Vielzahl von Unterschieden in den institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen nicht auf Europa übertragen. Zum Schluß werden Forschungsgebiete genannt, die für ein umfassendes Bild des Wissenstransfers aus Hochschulen bearbeitet werden müßten. Solche Erkenntnisse könnten künftig dazu dienen, eine effiziente institutionelle Ausgestaltung des Wissenstransfers in Europa zu erreichen.
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The Effects of Shared ATM Networks on the Efficiency of Turkish Banks
H. Evren Damar
Applied Economics,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
This study investigates whether forming shared ATM networks has yielded positive benefits for banks in Turkey by increasing their productive efficiency. Using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, pure technical and scale efficiency scores of Turkish banks are estimated and analysed for the period 2000–2003. The results suggest that although it is possible to realize positive effects through ATM sharing arrangements, there are multiple factors that determine which banks realize such benefits. The geographical distribution of shared ATMs between urban and rural markets and the level of competition between banks within urban areas are shown to be important determinants of differences in bank efficiency. This discrepancy between the gains associated with ATM sharing may have important implications concerning the adoption and sharing of new technology by banks in developing countries.
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Vertical Intra-industry Trade between EU and Accession Countries
Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 12,
2006
Abstract
The paper analyses vertical intra-industry trade between EU and Accession countries, and concentrates on two country-specific determinants: Differences in personal income distribution and in technology. Both determinants have a strong link to national policies and to cross-border investment flows. In contrast to most other studies, income distribution is not seen as time-invariant variable, but as changing over time. What is new is also that differences in technology are tested in comparison with cost advantages from capital/labour ratios. The study applies panel estimation techniques with GLS. Results show country-pair fixed effects to be of high relevance for explaining vertical intraindustry trade. In addition, bilateral differences in personal income distribution and their changes are positive related to vertical intra-industry trade in this special regional integration framework; hence, distributional effects of policies matter. Also, technology differences turn out to be positively correlated with vertical intra-industry trade. However, the cost variable (here: relative GDP per capita) shows no clear picture, particularly not in combination with the technology variable.
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Economies of Scope in European Railways: An Efficiency Analysis
Christian Growitsch, Heike Wetzel
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2006
Abstract
In the course of railway reforms in the end of the last century, national European governments, as well the EU Commission, decided to open markets and to separate railway networks from train operations. Vertically integrated railway companies – companies owning a network and providing transport services – argue that such a separation of infrastructure and operations would diminish the advantages of vertical integration and would therefore not be suitable to raise economic welfare. In this paper, we conduct a pan-European analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realise economies of joint production and, thus, produce railway services on a higher level of efficiency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more efficient we apply a Data Envelopment Analysis super-efficiency bootstrapping model which relates the efficiency for integrated production to a virtual reference set consisting of the separated production technology. Our findings are that in a majority of European Railway companies exist economies of scope.
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Conditions of knowledge transfer of new staff members in companies – a game theoretical analysis -
Sidonia vonLedebur
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2006
Abstract
Die Verfügbarkeit des Produktionsfaktors Wissen und die Innovationsfähigkeit stellen heute zentrale Erfolgsfaktoren von Volkswirtschaften dar. Die Produktion von neuem Wissen und seine wirtschaftliche Anwendung finden jedoch oft an verschiedenen Orten statt, so daß Wissenstransfer notwendig ist. Das ist beispielsweise der Fall, wenn Wissenschaftler, die an Hochschulen oder in öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen gearbeitet haben, in ein Unternehmen wechseln. Wie kann nun die Wissensweitergabe durch neue Mitarbeiter in Unternehmen optimal gestaltet werden? Eine spieltheoretische Modellierung gibt dafür eine Antwort: Effizienter Transfer findet dann statt, wenn die Mitarbeiter für den Wissenstransfer einen hohen zusätzlichen Lohn verglichen mit ihrem zusätzlichen Aufwand erhalten. Hierbei spielt nicht nur zeitlicher Aufwand und Beteiligung an höheren Einnahmen durch neue Produkte, sondern auch die Größe des Teams und soziale Faktoren (z. B. Arbeitsklima) eine Rolle. Um ein günstiges Verhältnis von zusätzlichem Lohn zu zusätzlichem Aufwand zu erhalten, kann entweder der Lohn erhöht oder aber die individuellen Kosten der Mitarbeiter für Wissenstransfer gesenkt werden. Dies verursacht selbst Kosten für das Unternehmen – z. B. durch Einführung eines Wissensmanagements –, ist aber effizient, solange der aus Wissenstransfer resultierende Gewinn diese Kosten übersteigt. Die Wirtschaftspolitik muß dafür aber den Unternehmen die Freiheit geben, die Personalpolitik anreizeffizient zu gestalten.
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Telecommunications, Trade and Growth: Gravity Modeling and Empirical Analysis for Eastern Europe and Russia
Albrecht Kauffmann
Economic Liberalization and Integration Policy: Options for Eastern Europe and Russia,
2006
Abstract
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Industry Level Technology Gaps and Complementary Knowledge Stocks as Determinants of Intra-MNC Knowledge Flows
Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Pursuing a subsidiary level analysis, we this paper tests the ‘technology gap’ hypothesis in the context of intra-MNC knowledge flows. Furthermore, it introduces complementary knowledge stocks into the concept of absorptive capacity. A set of hypotheses is tested in sample 434 foreign subsidiaries based in Central and East Europe. We find partial support for the ‘technology gap’ hypothesis applied at industry level. Furthermore, subsidiaries’ complementary knowledge stocks increase the probability for corresponding knowledge inflows from the foreign parent.
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The Potentials for Technology Transfer via Foreign Direct Investement in Central and East Europe - Results of a Field Study
Judit Hamar, Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
1 & 2
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment plays a particularly crucial role for the processes of technological catch-up in Central East Europe. Whilst most countries of this region have received considerable direct investments, the composition of kinds of subsidiaries is different between countries and hence will the prospects for intense technology transfer also differ between countries. This contribution aims to compare the potentials for internal and external technology transfer across countries of Central East Europe by analysing the management-relationship between subsidiaries and their parents and the market-relationships between subsidiaries and their host economy. For this, a firm-level database of some 458 subsidiaries in Estonia, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia is analysed empirically.
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