On the Returns to Invention within Firms: Evidence from Finland
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Ari Hyytinen, Otto Toivanen
American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings,
2018
Abstract
In this paper we merge individual income data, firm-level data, patenting data, and IQ data in Finland over the period 1988–2012 to analyze the returns to invention for inventors and their coworkers or stakeholders within the same firm. We find that: (i) inventors collect only 8 percent of the total private return from invention; (ii) entrepreneurs get over 44 percent of the total gains; (iii) bluecollar workers get about 26 percent of the gains and the rest goes to white-collar workers. Moreover, entrepreneurs start with significant negative returns prior to the patent application, but their returns subsequently become highly positive.
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The Impacts of Intellectual Property Rights Protection on Cross-Border M&As
Iftekhar Hasan, Fahad Khalil, Xian Sun
Quarterly Journal of Finance,
No. 3,
2017
Abstract
We investigate the impacts of improved intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions performance. Using multiple measures of IPR protection and based on generalized difference-in-differences estimates, we find that countries with better IPR protection attract significantly more hi-tech cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions activity, particularly in developing economies. Moreover, acquirers pay higher premiums for companies in countries with better IPR protection, and there is a significantly higher acquirer announcement effect associated with these hi-tech transactions.
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Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity
Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas
American Economic Review,
No. 5,
2017
Abstract
We build on the analysis in Akcigit, Grigsby, and Nicholas (2017) by using US patent and census data to examine the relationship between immigration and innovation. We construct a measure of foreign born expertise and show that technology areas where immigrant inventors were prevalent between 1880 and 1940 experienced more patenting and citations between 1940 and 2000. The contribution of immigrant inventors to US innovation was substantial. We also show that immigrant inventors were more productive than native born inventors; however, they received significantly lower levels of labor income. The immigrant inventor wage-gap cannot be explained by differentials in productivity.
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Taxation and the International Mobility of Inventors
Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, Stefanie Stantcheva
American Economic Review,
No. 10,
2016
Abstract
We study the effect of top tax rates on “superstar” inventors’ international mobility since 1977, using panel data on inventors from the US and European Patent Offices. We exploit the differential impact of changes in top tax rates on inventors of different qualities. Superstar inventors' location choices are significantly affected by top tax rates. In our preferred specification, the elasticity to the net-of-tax rate of the number of domestic superstar inventors is around 0.03, while that of foreign superstar inventors is around 1. These elasticities are larger for inventors in multinational companies. An inventor is less sensitive to taxes in a country if his company performs a higher share of its research there.
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Cross-border Interbank Networks, Banking Risk and Contagion
Lena Tonzer
Journal of Financial Stability,
2015
Abstract
Recent events have highlighted the role of cross-border linkages between banking systems in transmitting local developments across national borders. This paper analyzes whether international linkages in interbank markets affect the stability of interconnected banking systems and channel financial distress within a network consisting of banking systems of the main advanced countries for the period 1994–2012. Methodologically, I use a spatial modeling approach to test for spillovers in cross-border interbank markets. The results suggest that foreign exposures in banking play a significant role in channeling banking risk: I find that countries that are linked through foreign borrowing or lending positions to more stable banking systems abroad are significantly affected by positive spillover effects. From a policy point of view, this implies that in stable times, linkages in the banking system can be beneficial, while they have to be taken with caution in times of financial turmoil affecting the whole system.
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Wie können sich Hochschulen in stärkerem Ausmaß selbst finanzieren? – Das Beispiel Sachsen-Anhalt –
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2012
Abstract
Hochschulen gewinnen in einer heraufziehenden Wissensgesellschaft zwar stetig an Bedeutung, sehen sich aber gerade in finanzschwachen Ländern wiederholt mit Unsicherheiten ihrer Finanzierung konfrontiert. Unter diesem Aspekt erweitert der Wandel von der „administrierten“ zur „unternehmerischen Hochschule“ jedoch die
Handlungsspielräume der Hochschulen für eine höhere Selbstfinanzierung. In der vorliegenden Studie wird eruiert, welche neuen Einnahmepotenziale sich den Hochschulen durch diesen Wandel erschließen und welche strategischen Optionen zu einer Einnahmeverbesserung führen könnten. Die Analyse erfolgt am Beispiel der Hochschullandschaft Sachsen-Anhalts, einem Land, das bei schrumpfender Einwohnerzahl und sich verringernden finanziellen Spielräumen vergleichsweise viele Finanzmittel für Hochschulen ausgibt und mit einer wachsenden Zahl von Studierenden konfrontiert ist.
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Intellectual Property Rights Policy, Competition and Innovation
Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit
Journal of the European Economic Association,
No. 1,
2012
Abstract
To what extent and in what form should the intellectual property rights (IPR) of innovators be protected? Should a company with a large technology lead over its rivals receive the same IPR protection as a company with a more limited advantage? In this paper, we develop a dynamic framework for the study of the interactions between IPR and competition, in particular to understand the impact of such policies on future incentives. The economy consists of many industries and firms engaged in cumulative (step-by-step) innovation. IPR policy regulates whether followers in an industry can copy the technology of the leader. We prove the existence of a steady-state equilibrium and characterize some of its properties. We then quantitatively investigate the implications of different types of IPR policy on the equilibrium growth rate and welfare. The most important result from this exercise is that full patent protection is not optimal; instead, optimal policy involves state-dependent IPR protection, providing greater protection to technology leaders that are further ahead than those that are close to their followers. This is because of a trickle-down effect: providing greater protection to firms that are further ahead of their followers than a certain threshold increases the R&D incentives also for all technology leaders that are less advanced than this threshold.
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Analyse der Patentaktivitäten in den öffentlichen Wissenschaftseinrichtungen des Freistaates Sachsen im Auftrag des Sächsischen Staatsministeriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst (SMWK)
Iciar Dominguez Lacasa, Katja Wilde
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
2010
Abstract
Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Analyse der Forschungsverwertung im Sinne von Patentanmeldungen der öffentlich finanzierten Wissenschaftseinrichtungen des Freistaates Sachsen und deren Vernetzung mit Unternehmen im Zeitraum 2002-2007. Die veröffentlichten Patentanmeldungen der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen am Deutschen Patent- und Markenamt (DPMA) im Zeitraum 2002-2007 dienen als Datengrundlage für die Untersuchung. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass im Betrachtungszeitraum 2002-2007 die Anzahl der Patentanmeldungen der sächsischen Wissenschaftseinrichtungen nahezu kontinuierlich angestiegen ist. Dabei spielen die Institute der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft sowie die Technische Universität Dresden eine bedeutende Rolle. Die ermittelten Erkenntnisse für Sachsen werden einem Vergleich mit den Ländern Thüringen, Niedersachsen und Nordrhein-Westfalen unterzogen. Insgesamt ergibt die Analyse vergleichsweise positive Resultate für die Patentverwertung der öffentlichen Wissenschaftseinrichtungen in Sachsen. Hinsichtlich der Vernetzung der wissenschaftlichen Forschungsaktivitäten mit der gewerblichen Wirtschaft konnte kein Unterschied zwischen Sachsen und den drei Vergleichsländern gezeigt werden. Hierbei scheint für die sächsischen Wissenschaftseinrichtungen noch ein erhebliches Verbesserungspotenzial zu bestehen. Diese Ergebnisse sind jedoch mit Vorsicht zu interpretieren, da die zugrunde liegende Patentstatistik nicht alle Vernetzungsformen in der Patentverwertung erfassen kann.
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The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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