Does Administrative Status Matter for Urban Growth? Evidence from Present and Former County Capitals in East Germany
Bastian Heider, Albrecht Kauffmann, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Abstract
Public sector activities are often neglected in the economic approaches used to analyze the driving forces behind urban growth. The institutional status of a regional capital is a crucial aspect of public sector activities. This paper reports on a quasi-natural experiment on county towns in East Germany. Since 1990, cities in East Germany have demonstrated remarkable differences in population development. During this same period, many towns have lost their status as a county seat due to several administrative reforms. Using a difference-in-difference approach, the annual population development of former county capitals is compared to population change in towns that have successfully held on to their capital status throughout the observed period. The estimations show that maintaining county capital status has a statistically significant positive effect on annual changes in population. This effect is furthermore increasing over time after the implementation of the respective reforms.
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Is the 'Central German Metropolitan Region' Spatially Integrated? An Empirical Assessment of Commuting Relations
Albrecht Kauffmann
Urban Studies,
No. 9,
2016
Abstract
The 'Central German Metropolitan Region' is a network of cities and their surroundings, located in the three East-German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. It was founded to bring the bundled strengths of these cities into an inter-municipal cooperation, for making use of the possible advantages of a polycentric region. As theory claims, a precondition for gains from polycentricity is spatial integration of the region. In particular, markets for high skilled labour should be integrated. To assess how this precondition is fulfilled in Central Germany, in the framework of a doubly constrained gravity model the commuting relations between the functional regions of the (until 2013) 11 core cities of the network are analysed. In particular for higher educated employees, the results display that commuting relations are determined not only by distance, but also by the state borders that cross the area.
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The Development of Cities and Municipalities in Central and Eastern Europe: Introduction for a Special Issue of 'Urban Research and Practice'
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Albrecht Kauffmann
Urban Research & Practice, Vol. 7 (3),
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
Since the 1990s, local governments in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have been confronted by completely new structures and developments. This came after more than 40 years (or even longer in the case of the former Soviet Union) under a socialist regime and behind an iron curtain which isolated them from the non-socialist world. A lack of resources had led to an underinvestment in the refurbishment of older buildings, while relatively cheap ‘prefabricated’ housing had been built, not only in the outskirts of cities, but also within city centres. A lack of resources had also resulted in the fact that the socialist regimes were generally unable to replace old buildings with ‘modern’ ones; hence, there is a very rich heritage of historical monuments in many of these cities today. The centrally planned economies and the development of urban structures (including the shifts of population between cities and regions) were determined by ideology, political rationality and the integration of all CEE countries into the production schemes of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and its division of labour by location. The sudden introduction of a market economy, private property, democratic rules, local autonomy for cities and municipalities and access to the global economy and society may be seen as a kind of ‘natural experiment’. How would these new conditions shape the national systems of cities and municipalities? Which cities would shrink and which would grow? How would the relationship between core cities and their surrounding municipalities develop? And what would happen within these cities and with their built environment?
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Cities and Regions in Locational Competition – New Tendencies, Effects and Policy Consequences
Albrecht Kauffmann, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Forschungs- und Sitzungsberichte der ARL, Bd. 238,
2012
Abstract
Aufgrund anhaltender Globalisierungstendenzen und zunehmender Intensität des Austauschs von Informationen, Gütern und Dienstleistungen wird sich der Wettbewerb zwischen Regionen vermutlich weiter verschärfen. Dabei ergeben sich aus den in vielfacher Hinsicht veränderten Rahmenbedingungen auch neuere Planungs- und Steuerungsansätze. Diese reichen von den unterschiedlichen Wettbewerbsarten bis hin zu Fragen neuer Strategien der Regional- und Stadtentwicklungspolitik. Anhand verschiedener Fragestellungen werden in diesem Band die vielseitigen Dimensionen von Strukturveränderungen im Standortwettbewerb und deren Ursache mithilfe von „Querschnittsstudien“ vor allem auf der Basis vorliegender Untersuchungen nachgezeichnet, geordnet und konkretisiert. Da es in der bestehenden Literatur weitestgehend an empirischen Belegen zu den konkreten Folgen der veränderten Wettbewerbsbedingungen fehlt, wurde in explorativen Fallstudien für ausgewählte Städte und Regionen untersucht, inwieweit sich die erwarteten Veränderungen aufgrund der neuen Strukturen des Standortwettbewerbs nachweisen lassen und wie die jeweils zuständigen politischen Akteure hierauf bislang reagiert haben.
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New Tendencies in Competition Between Cities and Regions: Empirical Results from Case Studies in Germany and Austria
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Economy and Geography,
2013
Abstract
Es wird häufig davon ausgegangen, dass der Standortwettbewerb während der vergangenen Jahrzehnte aufgrund verschiedener externer Veränderungen deutlich zugenommen und zugleich sein Gesicht verändert hat. Moderne stadt- und regionalökonomische Theorien lassen es naheliegend erscheinen, dass bestimmte Faktoren an Gewicht gewonnen und damit veränderte Bedingungen für den Wettbewerb zwischen Städten und Regionen geschaffen haben. Die Intention des Beitrags besteht darin, mit Hilfe von Fallstudien mehr Licht in diese Veränderungen zu bringen.
Der Beitrag basiert auf Arbeiten einer interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe der Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL). Im ersten Teil wird auf der Grundlage vorliegender theoretischer und empirischer Literatur zum Standortwettbewerb eine systematische Klassifizierung neuerer Tendenzen im Standortwettbewerb erarbeitet. Im zweiten Teil werden die Ergebnisse von Fallstudien präsentiert, die in ausgewählten Städten und Regionen Deutschlands und Österreichs durchgeführt wurden, um die Bedeutung der neueren Tendenzen in der Realität zu identifizieren. Für einige Städte und Regionen konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Tendenz der sinkenden Transport- und Transaktionskosten dort insoweit positive Effekte hatte, weil dort solche Branchen konzentriert sind, die die mit den sinkenden Transport- und Transaktionskosten verbundenen Technologien, Infrastrukturen und Dienstleistungen bereitstellen. Für andere Städte und Regionen konnte ein positiver Einfluss des Abbaus von Grenzbarrieren ermittelt werden. Speziell der Aufholprozess in Ostdeutschland wird allerdings u.a. durch Ballungsvorteile im Westen begrenzt. Obwohl die Effekte der neuen Formen des Standortwettbewerbs auf die wirtschaftliche Performance der betrachteten Raumeinheiten insgesamt eher gering waren, konnte doch eine deutliche Wirkung auf die politischen Entscheidungen zur strategischen Neuaufstellung der Städte und Regionen identifiziert werden.
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Delineation of City Regions Based on Commuting Interrelations: The Example of Large Cities in Germany
Albrecht Kauffmann
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2012
Abstract
The comparison of cities with regard to their economic or demographic development may yield misleading results, if solely the cities in their administrative borders are the object of consideration. Frequently, historical borders of cities neither conform to the contemporary settlement structures, nor do they consider the mutual dependencies between cities and parts of their hinterland. Therefore, it is often claimed to use city regions as objects of comparison or for the sake of urban planning. Commonly, the delineation of functional regions is based on commuting flows from the municipalities in the hinterland of the core cities directed to the cores. A municipality is regarded as belonging to a certain city region if the share of out-commuters from this municipality to the respective core in the total mass of those employees who reside in that municipality is the largest one, and if this share exceeds a certain threshold value. However, commuting flows in the opposite direction are not considered. The method presented here delineates city regions on the base of bidirectional commuting flows. Hereby, various modifications regarding the characteristics of the employment base, the possibility of overlaps of regions, the formation of polycentric city regions, and of the minimum threshold value of mutual connectivity are applied to the sample of 81 German cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants. Finally, the effects of different kinds of regionalisation on the coefficients of regional specialisation of these cities and city regions are demonstrated.
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Foreword: Competing: Important Stimuli for Knowledge Cities to Become Prosperous
Peter Franz
T. Yigitcanlar, K. Metaxiotis, J. Carrillo (eds), Building Prosperous Knowledge Cities. Policies, Plans and Metrics,
2012
Abstract
The author discusses the role of competitions in urban development strategies based on the cooperation of higher education institutions. The experience with similar strategies in regional policy and in innovation policy is reflected upon. After the presentation of some cases, the advantages and disadvantages of development strategies based on competitions are compared.
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Local Economic Structure and Sectoral Employment Growth in German Cities
Annette Illy, Michael Schwartz, Christoph Hornych, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie,
No. 5,
2011
Abstract
This study systematically examines the impact of fundamental elements of urban economic structure on sectoral employment growth in German cities (“urban growth”). We test four elements simultaneously – sectoral specialisation, diversification of economic activities, urban size and the impact of local competition. To account for the effect of varying spatial delimitations in the analysis of urban growth, we further differentiate between cities and planning regions as geographical units. Our regression results show a U-shaped relationship between localisation economies and urban growth and positive effects of local competition on urban growth. With respect to diversification, we find positive effects on urban growth on the city level, but insignificant results on the level of the planning regions. The impact of urban size also differs between free cities and planning regions; in the former, a U-shaped relationship is found, whereas the effect is inversely U-shaped for the latter.
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Industrial Associations as a Channel of Business-Government Interactions in an Imperfect Institutional Environment: The Russian Case
A. Yakovlev, A. Govorun
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 16,
2011
Abstract
International lessons from emerging economies suggest that business associations may provide an effective channel of communication between the government and the private sector. This function of business associations may become still more important in transition economies, where old mechanisms for coordinating enterprise activities have been destroyed, while the new ones have not been established yet. In this context, Russian experience is a matter of interest, because for a long time, Russia was regarded as a striking example of state failures and market failures. Consequently, the key point of our study was a description of the role and place of business associations in the presentday
Russian economy and their interaction with member companies and bodies of state
administration. Relying on the survey data of 957 manufacturing firms conducted in
2009, we found that business associations are more frequently joined by larger companies, firms located in regional capital cities, and firms active in investment and innovation. By contrast, business associations tend to be less frequently joined by business groups’ subsidiaries and firms that were non-responsive about their respective ownership structures. Our regression analysis has also confirmed that business associations are a component of what Frye (2002) calls an “elite exchange”– although only on regional and local levels. These “exchanges” imply that members of business associations, on the one hand, more actively assist regional and local authorities in social development of their regions, and on the other hand more often receive support from authorities. However, this effect is insignificant in terms of support from the federal government. In general, our results allow us to believe that at present, business associations (especially the
industry-wide and “leading” ones) consolidate the most active, advanced companies and act as collective representatives of their interests. For this reason, business associations can be regarded as interface units between the authorities and businesses and as a possible instrument for promotion of economic development.
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Metropolitan Area „Central Germany“: How Strong are the Commuting Flows between the Cities?
Albrecht Kauffmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2011
Abstract
Die Metropolregion Mitteldeutschland ist ein Bündnis zur Kooperation zwischen den großen Städten in den Ländern Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen. Angesichts der Vielzahl der beteiligten Städte sowie der großen Entfernungen zwischen den Städten an den Rändern und dem geographischen Zentrum der Region stellt sie einen Sonderfall innerhalb der derzeit elf in Deutschland existierenden Europäischen Metropolregionen dar. Eine Besonderheit ist auch der Umstand, dass bislang eine Festlegung des Umlands der Kernstädte fehlt. Der Beitrag untersucht die Vernetzung zwischen den beteiligten Städten anhand von Pendlerverflechtungen. Darüber hinaus werden erstmals mögliche Abgrenzungen des Umlands der Metropolregion Mitteldeutschland im Sinne einer funktionalen Stadtregion diskutiert. Es erweist sich, dass die Vernetzung innerhalb der vormaligen Metropolregion Halle/Leipzig-Sachsendreieck und der Thüringer Städtekette deutlich stärker in Erscheinung tritt als die Pendlerbeziehungen
zwischen diesen historisch gewachsenen Regionen. Als funktionale Stadtregion besäße die Metropolregion Mitteldeutschland ein weit gespanntes, jedoch eher dünn besiedeltes Umland, das nur mit den nahegelegenen Kernstädten enge Verflechtungen aufweist. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass zwischen den traditionell einander näher stehenden Städten eine bessere Basis für Kooperationen vorhanden ist, deren verstärkte Nutzung dem Anliegen der Metropolregion Mitteldeutschland jedoch nicht zuwiderlaufen muss.
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