Im Fokus: Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und wie es dort heute aussieht – Das Beispiel SKET Magdeburg
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2016
Abstract
Die erste Privatisierung des Stammbetriebs des ehemaligen VEB Schwermaschinenbau-Kombinats „Ernst Thälmann“ (SKET) scheiterte nach zwei Jahren, und das Unternehmen ging 1996 in die Gesamtvollstreckung. Im Jahr 1998 wurden in einem zweiten Anlauf die fünf geschaffenen Auffanggesellschaften allesamt privatisiert, allerdings mit nur wenigen Beschäftigten. In einem Fall entstand eine völlig neue Produktion: die Herstellung von Komponenten für Windenergieanlagen. Der Aufschwung der erneuerbaren Energien hat den Magdeburger Schwermaschinenbauern in die Hände gespielt. Die Verfügbarkeit großer Industrieflächen war ebenfalls förderlich für diese Branche, ebenso die Kompetenzen in der Bearbeitung großer Maschinenteile. Auch andere Geschäftsfelder des früheren Schwermaschinenbau-Kombinats leben in Form mittelständischer Unternehmen fort: die Entwicklung und Herstellung von Maschinen zur Verarbeitung von Ölsaaten, Maschinen in den Bereichen Kabel- und Stahlseiltechnik, Walzwerksausrüstungen sowie EDV-Dienstleistungen.
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Im Fokus: Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und wie es dort heute aussieht – Das Beispiel der JENOPTIK AG
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2016
Abstract
Der Wirtschaftsstandort Jena in Thüringen wurde in der DDR durch den Stammbetrieb des Kombinats VEB Carl Zeiss Jena dominiert, der optische Erzeugnisse und Präzisionsgeräte herstellte. In den letzten Jahren der DDR beauflagten die zentralen Planungsinstanzen der DDR das Kombinat auch mit der Herstellung von Ausrüstungen für die Herstellung mikroelektronischer Erzeugnisse. Nach dem Übergang zu marktwirtschaftlichen Verhältnissen wurde die klassische optische Produktion im Zuge der Privatisierung an die westdeutsche Schwester des Jenaer Kombinats, die Firma Carl Zeiss in Oberkochen veräußert. Der andere Teil des Carl-Zeiss-Stammbetriebs firmierte als Jenoptik GmbH, ging in das Eigentum des Freistaats Thüringen über, wurde erfolgreich umstrukturiert und ist als JENOPTIK AG seit 1998 börsennotiert. Wichtig erscheint in der Retrospektive der Ansatz der Jenoptik GmbH und ihrer Führung, durch Ausgründungen und Attrahierung neuer Investoren eine vorteilhafte Ballung technologieintensiver Unternehmen am Standort Jena zu erreichen. Umgekehrt haben die Standortvorteile Jenas mit seinen leistungsfähigen Wissenschaftseinrichtungen die erfolgreiche JENOPTIK-Entwicklung begünstigt.
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Im Fokus: Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und wie es dort heute aussieht – Das Beispiel des Chemiestandorts Schkopau
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2016
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht, wie es um den industriellen Kern des Chemiestandorts Schkopau in Sachsen-Anhalt, der eng mit dem Namen Buna verbunden ist, mehr als ein Vierteljahrhundert nach der Herstellung der Deutschen Einheit bestellt ist. Anders als in Bitterfeld-Wolfen, wo eine Privatisierung der großen Chemiekombinate nicht zustande kam und stattdessen eine fragmentierte Landschaft kleiner und mittelgroßer Chemie- und anderer Produktions- und Dienstleistungsfirmen entstand, gelang fast fünf Jahre nach dem Übergang zu marktwirtschaftlichen Verhältnissen ein Verkauf des ehemaligen Stammbetriebs des Kombinats VEB Chemische Werke Buna sowie der Sächsischen Olefinwerke in Böhlen und von Teilen des Leuna-Werkes an den US-amerikanischen Investor The Dow Chemical Company, allerdings unter Inkaufnahme einer starken Reduzierung der Beschäftigtenzahl und mit sehr hohen Subventionen. Der industrielle Kern konnte dadurch erhalten werden. Die intra- und überregionale stoffliche Vernetzung ermöglicht eine moderne und flexible Rohstoffversorgung. Gleichwohl ist der mitteldeutsche Chemiestandort wie andere in Deutschland und Europa in seiner Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch kostengünstige Produktionen in den USA, in Asien und im arabischen Raum herausgefordert.
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On the Trail of Core–periphery Patterns in Innovation Networks: Measurements and New Empirical Findings from the German Laser Industry
Wilfried Ehrenfeld, Toralf Pusch, Muhamed Kudic
Annals of Regional Science,
No. 1,
2015
Abstract
It has been frequently argued that a firm’s location in the core of an industry’s innovation network improves its ability to access information and absorb technological knowledge. The literature has still widely neglected the role of peripheral network positions for innovation processes. In addition to this, little is known about the determinants affecting a peripheral actors’ ability to reach the core. To shed some light on these issues, we have employed a unique longitudinal dataset encompassing the entire population of German laser source manufacturers (LSMs) and laser-related public research organizations (PROs) over a period of more than two decades. The aim of our paper is threefold. First, we analyze the emergence of core–periphery (CP) patterns in the German laser industry. Then, we explore the paths on which LSMs and PROs move from isolated positions toward the core. Finally, we employ non-parametric event history techniques to analyze the extent to which organizational and geographical determinates affect the propensity and timing of network core entries. Our results indicate the emergence and solidification of CP patterns at the overall network level. We also found that the paths on which organizations traverse through the network are characterized by high levels of heterogeneity and volatility. The transition from peripheral to core positions is impacted by organizational characteristics, while an organization’s geographical location does not play a significant role.
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Isolation and Innovation – Two Contradictory Concepts? Explorative Findings from the German Laser Industry
Wilfried Ehrenfeld, T. Pusch, Muhamed Kudic
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 1,
2015
Abstract
We apply a network perspective and study the emergence of core-periphery (CP) structures in innovation networks to shed some light on the relationship between isolation and innovation. It has been frequently argued that a firm’s location in a densely interconnected network area improves its ability to access information and absorb technological knowledge. This, in turn, enables a firm to generate new products and services at a higher rate compared to less integrated competitors. However, the importance of peripheral positions for innovation processes is still a widely neglected issue in literature. Isolation may provide unique conditions that induce innovations which otherwise may never have been invented. Such innovations have the potential to lay the ground for a firm’s pathway towards the network core, where the industry’s established technological knowledge is assumed to be located.
The aim of our paper is twofold. Firstly, we propose a new CP indicator and apply it to analyze the emergence of CP patterns in the German laser industry. We employ publicly funded Research and Development (R&D) cooperation project data over a period of more than two decades. Secondly, we explore the paths on which firms move from isolated positions towards the core (and vice versa). Our exploratory results open up a number of new research questions at the intersection between geography, economics and network research.
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IT Use, Productivity, and Market Power in Banking
Michael Koetter, Felix Noth
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
Information management is a core process in banking that can resolve information asymmetries and thereby help to mitigate competitive pressure. We test if the use of information technology (IT) contributes to bank output, and how IT-augmented bank productivity relates to differences in market power. Detailed bank-level information on the use of IT reveals a substantial upward bias in bank productivity estimates when ignoring banks’ IT expenditures. IT-augmented bank productivity correlates positively with Lerner markups. A mere increase in IT expenditures, however, reduces markups. Results hold across a range of bank output definitions and productivity estimation methods.
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Government Banking in Russia: Magnitude and New Features
Andrei Vernikov
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 13,
2011
Abstract
State-controlled banks are currently at the core of financial intermediation in Russia. This paper aims to assess the magnitude of government banking, and to reveal some of its special features and arrangements. We distinguish between directly and indirectly state-controlled banks and construct a set of bank-level statistical data covering the period between 2000 and 2011. By January 2011 the market share of state-controlled banks reached almost 54 percent of all bank assets, putting Russia in the same league with China and India and widening the gap from typical European emerging markets. We show that direct state ownership is gradually substituted by indirect ownership and control. It tends to be organized in corporate pyramids that dilute public property, take control away from government bodies, and underpin managerial opportunism. Statecontrolled
banks blur the borderline between commercial banking and development
banking. Dominance of public banks has a bearing on empirical studies whose results might suggest state-owned banks’ greater (or lesser) efficiency or competitiveness compared to other forms of ownership. We tend to interpret such results as influenced by the choice of indicator, period of observations, sample selection, etc., in the absence of an equal playing field for all groups of players. We suggest that the government’s planned retreat from the banking sector will involve non-core assets mainly, whereas control over core institutions will just become more subtle.
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Die Entwicklung der Corporate Governance deutscher Banken seit 1950
R. H. Schmidt, Felix Noth
Bankhistorisches Archiv,
No. 2,
2011
Abstract
The present paper gives an overview of the development of Corporate Governance of German banks since the 1950s. The focus will be on economic analysis. The most striking changes in Corporate Governance occurred with the ownership structure of commercial banks, in particular with the major joint-stock banks. In addition to that, the capital market has become a core element of Corporate Governance in all major German banks, which have replaced their prior concentration on the interests of a broadly defined circle of stakeholders by a one-sided concentration on shareholders’ interests. In contrast, with savings banks and cooperative cooperative banks, Corporate Governance has remained unchanged for the most part. Exceptions to this are the regional state banks: in their case, after they had turned away from traditional business models and in particular following the discontinuation of the guarantee obligation, the problems of their Corporate Governance, which were already discernible beforehand, became quite obvious. If you include the financial crisis, beginning in 2007, in the analysis, it becomes evident that it was precisely a Corporate Governance unilaterally geared to shareholders’ interest and the efficiency of the capital market that materially contributed to the evolution and widening of the crisis.
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Monetary Policy and Financial (In)stability: An Integrated Micro–Macro Approach
Ferre De Graeve, Thomas Kick, Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
Evidence on central banks’ twin objective, monetary and financial stability, is scarce. We suggest an integrated micro–macro approach with two core virtues. First, we measure financial stability directly at the bank level as the probability of distress. Second, we integrate a microeconomic hazard model for bank distress and a standard macroeconomic model. The advantage of this approach is to incorporate micro information, to allow for non-linearities and to permit general feedback effects between financial distress and the real economy. We base the analysis on German bank and macro data between 1995 and 2004. Our results confirm the existence of a trade-off between monetary and financial stability. An unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the probability of distress. This effect disappears when neglecting microeffects and non-linearities, underlining their importance. Distress responses are largest for small cooperative banks, weak distress events, and at times when capitalization is low. An important policy implication is that the separation of financial supervision and monetary policy requires close collaboration among members in the European System of Central Banks and national bank supervisors.
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