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Understanding the Great Recession

Mathias Trabandt, Lawrence J. Christiano, Martin S. Eichenbaum
American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, No. 1, 2015
Abstract
We argue that the vast bulk of movements in aggregate real economic activity during the Great Recession were due to financial frictions. We reach this conclusion by looking through the lens of an estimated New Keynesian model in which firms face moderate degrees of price rigidities, no nominal rigidities in wages, and a binding zero lower bound constraint on the nominal interest rate. Our model does a good job of accounting for the joint behavior of labor and goods markets, as well as inflation, during the Great Recession. According to the model the observed fall in total factor productivity and the rise in the cost of working capital played critical roles in accounting for the small drop in inflation that occurred during the Great Recession.
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EFN Report Winter 2014/15: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2015 and 2016

EFN Reports, No. 1, 2015
Abstract
At the beginning of the year 2015 crude oil is, with little more than 50 dollars per barrel (Brent), about 50% cheaper than in the summer 2014. The oil price hike is a stimulus for the whole world economy, even though the gains of energy users are matched by losses of the suppliers: oil producing countries frequently run high current account surpluses vis-à-vis the rest of the world. It is therefore plausible to assume that, reacting to the redistribution of incomes, the oil user countries will increase their spending by more than what will be lost in spending by producers. Investment activity in the euro area has recently been particularly weak. Remarkably, investment in Greece, Portugal, and Spain, i.e. in countries that had to accept international support during the euro crisis, has strengthened. The setback took place in the so-called core countries, including Germany. Consumption growth was also subdued. Lower oil prices, by increasing real incomes of consumers and lowering production costs for firms, should increase private consumption and, in particular, investment. Moreover, the depreciation of the euro will favour exports. Overall, according to our forecasts, the euro area GDP will grow by 1.3% in 2015 and by 1.6% in 2016. GDP growth is about 0.3 percentage points higher due to the impact of lower oil prices in 2015. However, these forecasts are subject to substantial uncertainty, and we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate during the forecasting horizon. Our inflation forecast for 2015 is 0.3%, with the possibility of a mild deflation not excluded. In 2016 inflation will increase up to 1.1%, still clearly below the 2% ECB’s target. This calls for further monetary expansion, though its effects could be limited in the absence of a complementary fiscal stimulus. The expansionary cyclical policies should be combined with more structural reforms to enhance the competitiveness of the euro area and its growth potential, which in our forecasts remains quite limited. In fact, we expect potential output to grow by only 0.4% both in 2015 and 2016.
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Do We Need New Modelling Approaches in Macroeconomics?

Claudia M. Buch, Oliver Holtemöller
Financial Cycles and the Real Economy: Lessons for CESEE Countries, 2014
Abstract
The economic and financial crisis that emerged in 2008 also initiated an intense discussion on macroeconomic research and the role of economists in society. The debate focuses on three main issues. Firstly, it is argued that economists failed to predict the crisis and to design early warning systems. Secondly, it is claimed that economists use models of the macroeconomy which fail to integrate financial markets and which are inadequate to model large economic crises. Thirdly, the issue has been raised that economists invoke unrealistic assumptions concerning human behaviour by assuming that all agents are self-centred, rationally optimizing individuals. In this paper, we focus on the first two issues. Overall, our thrust is that the above statements are a caricature of modern economic theory and empirics. A rich field of research developed already before the crisis and picked up shortcomings of previous models.
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German Economy Stagnating – Now is the Time to Strengthen Growth: Joint Economic Forecast Autumn 2014

, 2014
Abstract
Die deutsche Wirtschaft wird in diesem Jahr um 1,3 Prozent und im kommenden Jahr um 1,2 Prozent wachsen. Das prognostizieren die an der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose beteiligten Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute in ihrem Herbstgutachten. Demzufolge hat sich die Konjunktur in Deutschland merklich abgekühlt. Nachdem die Wirtschaftsleistung im zweiten Quartal gesunken war und im dritten Vierteljahr wohl stagniert hat, kommt der Konjunkturmotor nur schwerlich wieder auf Touren. Schwach ist sowohl die Binnennachfrage – das Konsumklima hat sich zuletzt verschlechtert und die Unternehmen halten sich mit Investitionen weiterhin zurück – als auch die Auslandsnachfrage. Belastend wirken das mäßige Expansionstempo der Weltwirtschaft und die auch im Prognosezeitraum niedrige Dynamik im Euroraum. In diesem Umfeld sprechen sich die Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute für eine Stärkung der Wachstumskräfte und günstigere Rahmenbedingungen für Investitionen aus. Der finanzielle Spielraum für ein investitionsfreundlicheres Steuersystem und mehr Ausgaben in wachstumsförderlichen Bereichen wie Sach- und Humankapital sei vorhanden.
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Deutsche Wirtschaft stagniert – Jetzt Wachstumskräfte stärken

Ferdinand Fichtner, Roland Döhrn, Oliver Holtemöller, Timo Wollmershäuser
Wirtschaftsdienst, No. 10, 2014
Abstract
In ihrem Herbstgutachten 2014 prognostizieren die Institute in der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose einen Anstieg des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) von 1,3% (68%-Prognoseintervall: 1,1% bis 1,5%) für das Jahr 2014. Für das kommende Jahr erwarten sie einen Anstieg um 1,2%. Vor einem halben Jahr waren noch Veränderungsraten von 1,9% für dieses und 2,0% für kommendes Jahr erwartet worden. Die Änderung der Prognose basiert zum Teil auf einer veränderten Datengrundlage; das Statistische Bundesamt hat im September 2014 die Ergebnisse der Generalrevision der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnungen (VGR) vorgelegt. Wichtiger ist aber, dass seit dem Frühjahr immer mehr Indikatoren auf eine geringere konjunkturelle Dynamik in der zweiten Jahreshälfte hindeuten.
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EFN Report Autumn 2014: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2014 and 2015

, 2014
Abstract
In autumn 2014, world production continues to be expanding at a moderate rate, a bit faster than at the beginning of the year. A strong upswing of the world economy is, however, not in sight: the US upswing continues but is not probable to gain more pace, and the Chinese economy has to cope with severe problems in the financial and the housing sector. Important conditions for a stronger recovery are in place: the fall in financing costs allows euro area governments to conduct fiscal policies that are, on average, clearly less restrictive than in the years before, and nonfinancial firms benefit from a shrinking burden of interest payments. Interest rates for bank credit in the southern economies are now slowly going down. However, the recovery will stay sluggish as long as firms and households lack confidence in the economic policy of important member states. In fact, economic confidence in the euro area declined somewhat during summer in part due to news on the conflict between Russia and the west, although only about 5% of all exports leaving the euro area go to Russia or Ukraine. Production growth in the euro area slowed down to stagnation in the second quarter, mainly due to a decline in Germany related to a weather effect. Demand in the rest of the euro area continued to slowly expand. In this context, we forecast that the euro area economy will expand by 1.3% in 2015, after 0.9% in 2014. For 2014 and 2015, we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate, because employment dynamics will stay weak due to subdued growth and the still rising participation rate in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2014 is 0.5%. In 2015 inflation will also remain subdued, at about 1.1%.
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Forecast Dispersion, Dissenting Votes, and Monetary Policy Preferences of FOMC Members: The Role of Individual Career Characteristics and Political Aspects

Stefan Eichler, Tom Lähner
Public Choice, No. 3, 2014
Abstract
Using data from 1992 to 2001, we study the impact of members’ economic forecasts on the probability of casting dissenting votes in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). Employing standard ordered probit techniques, we find that higher individual inflation and real GDP growth forecasts (relative to the committee’s median) significantly increase the probability of dissenting in favor of tighter monetary policy, whereas higher individual unemployment rate forecasts significantly decrease it. Using interaction models, we find that FOMC members with longer careers in government, industry, academia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or on the staff of the Board of Governors are more focused on output stabilization, while FOMC members with longer careers in the financial sector or on the staffs of regional Federal Reserve Banks are more focused on inflation stabilization. We also find evidence that politics matters, with Republican appointees being much more focused on inflation stabilization than Democratic appointees. Moreover, during the entire Clinton administration ‘natural’ monetary policy preferences of Bank presidents and Board members for inflation and output stabilization were more pronounced than under periods covering the administrations of both George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush, respectively.
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Warum ist die Wirtschaftsleistung je Einwohner in allen ostdeutschen Ländern ähnlich hoch?

Axel Lindner
Wirtschaft im Wandel, No. 4, 2014
Abstract
Das IWH veröffentlicht jeden Sommer eine Prognose für Ostdeutschland. Immer häufiger fragen Journalisten, ob nicht die Entwicklung in dem einen oder anderen Bundesland anders ausfallen müsste als im Osten insgesamt. Ist Sachsen nicht wirtschaftlich ein Musterknabe, und hinkt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern nicht oft hinterher? Der empirische Befund ist ein anderer: Trotz aller Unterschiede scheinen sich die Länder in ihrer wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit eher anzugleichen. Wies im Jahr 1991 der Spitzenreiter in Ostdeutschland, das Land Brandenburg, noch ein um 18% höheres Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner auf als das damalige Schlusslicht (Thüringen), beträgt die Differenz gegenwärtig nur noch 6%; der Spitzenreiter ist jetzt tatsächlich Sachsen, und das Schlusslicht ist Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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EFN Report Summer 2014: Economic Outlook for the Euro Area in 2014 and 2015

, 2014
Abstract
World growth disappointed at the beginning of the year, when in the US extremely cold weather caused production to contract, the recovery in the euro area stumbled and the slowdown of the Chinese economy continued. At present, however, confidence indicators and order books point to a moderate pickup of growth in most regions. Prices on markets for energy, real and financial assets have reacted little to recent bad news about rising geopolitical risks in the Middle East and Eastern Europe up to now. A sudden increase of risk aversion or a change of believes among investors could trigger a swift deterioration of financial conditions for the world economy. In the euro area, strong stimuli from abroad are not to be expected and private households continue to keep their real spending about constant. Investment has been expanding since summer 2013, but at a very moderate rate. In this context, our forecast for GDP growth is 1.1% in 2014 and 1.6% in 2015. For 2014 and 2015, we do not see any significant reduction of the unemployment rate, because employment dynamics will stay weak due to subdued growth and the still rising participation rate in the euro area. Our inflation forecast for 2014 is 0.6%. In 2015 inflation will also remain subdued, at about 1.0%. In this context of very low price dynamics, monetary policy keeps the recovery alive: official interest rates around zero and the search for yields on financial markets have depressed yields for government bonds; the fall in financing costs allows euro area governments to conduct fiscal policies that are much less restrictive than in the years before, with tax cuts in Italy, France, and Spain starting this year. Nonfinancial firms benefit from a shrinking burden of interest payments, and the availability of bank loans for small and medium enterprises has improved since 2012 in most countries.
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Do We Need New Modelling Approaches in Macroeconomics?

Claudia M. Buch, Oliver Holtemöller
IWH Discussion Papers, No. 8, 2014
Abstract
The economic and financial crisis that emerged in 2008 also initiated an intense discussion on macroeconomic research and the role of economists in society. The debate focuses on three main issues. Firstly, it is argued that economists failed to predict the crisis and to design early warning systems. Secondly, it is claimed that economists use models of the macroeconomy which fail to integrate financial markets and which are inadequate to model large economic crises. Thirdly, the issue has been raised that economists invoke unrealistic assumptions concerning human behaviour by assuming that all agents are self-centred, rationally optimizing individuals. In this paper, we focus on the first two issues. Overall, our thrust is that the above statements are a caricature of modern economic theory and empirics. A rich field of research developed already before the crisis and picked up shortcomings of previous models.
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