Mutual Perception of Science and Industry in Innovation Networks – Evidence from East Germany
Jutta Günther, Cornelia Lang
D. Dyker (ed.), Network Dynamics in Emerging Regions of Europe, Imperial College Press,
2010
Abstract
The paper examines how science and industry perceive each other. Cooperation in the field of innovation and research and development has increased in recent years. But comprehensive empirical research on the mutual perception of science and industry is lacking so far. The article presents the results of explorative research based on a number of qualitative interviews with representatives from science and industry on that topic. The interviews were carried out in the Central German Region which is a centre of manufacturing industry especially of chemicals. So the two selected industries are chemical industry (high-tech based) and food processing (low-tech based). The paper provides remarks on the German innovation system. The empirical section summarizes the interview reports. We found only little evidence of conflict of interests between market-oriented industry and science organisations. Cooperation exists and works. The key issue is trust.
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Going Public to Acquire? The Acquisition Motive in IPOs
Ugur Celikyurt, Merih Sevilir, Anil Shivdasani
Journal of Financial Economics,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Newly public firms make acquisitions at a torrid pace. Their large acquisition appetites reflect the concentration of initial public offerings (IPOs) in mergers and acquisitions-(M&A-) intensive industries, but acquisitions by IPO firms also outpace those by mature firms in the same industry. IPO firms' acquisition activity is fueled by the initial capital infusion at the IPO and through the creation of an acquisition currency used to raise capital for both cash- and stock-financed acquisitions along with debt issuance subsequent to the IPO. IPO firms play a bigger role in the M&A process by participating as acquirers than they do as takeover targets, and acquisitions are as important to their growth as research and development (R&D) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The pattern of acquisitions following an IPO shapes the evolution of ownership structure of newly public firms.
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Challenges for Future Regional Policy in East Germany. Does East Germany really show Characteristics of Mezzogiorno?
Mirko Titze
A. Kuklinski; E. Malak-Petlicka; P. Zuber (eds), Souther Italy – Eastern Germany – Eastern Poland. The Triple Mezzogiorno? Ministry of Regional Development,
2010
Abstract
Despite extensive government support the gap between East and West Germany has still not been successfully closed nearly 20 years post German unification. Hence, some economists tend to compare East Germany with Mezzogiorno – underdeveloped Southern Italy. East Germany is still subject to sever structural problems in comparison to West Germany: lower per capita income, lower productivity, higher unemployment rates, fewer firm headquarters and fewer innovation activities. There are East German regions with less than desirable rates of development. Nevertheless, the new federal states have shown some evidence of a convergence process. Some regions have developed very positively – they have improved their competitiveness and employment levels. As such, the comparison of East Germany with Mezzogiorno does not seem applicable today.
According to Neoclassical Growth Theory, regional policy is targeted enhancing investment (hereafter the notion ‘investment policy’ is used). has been the most important instrument in forcing the ‘reconstruction of the East’. Overall, the investment policy is seen as having been successful. It is not, however, the only factor influencing regional development – political policy makers noted in the mid 1990s that research and development (R&D) activities and regional concentrated production networks, amongst other factors, may also play a part. The investment policy instrument has therefore been adjusted. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that investment policy may fail in particular cases because it contains potentially conflicting targets. A ‘better road’ for future regional policy may lie in the support of regional production and innovation networks – the so-called industrial clusters. These clusters would need to be exactingly identified however to ensure effective and efficient cluster policies.
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Interactive Dynamic Capabilities and Regenerating the East German Innovation System
N. von Tunzelmann, Jutta Günther, Katja Wilde, Björn Jindra
Contributions to Political Economy,
2010
Abstract
The paper sets out a specification of capabilities and competencies derived from Sen’s work on consumer capabilities and welfare economics. This approach is one that proves remarkably easy to generalise, first to producer and supplier capabilities, and thence to interactive and dynamic capabilities. The approach is then applied via the consequential perspectives of regional systems of innovation and network alignment to the case of the efforts to regenerate the innovation system in East Germany since reunification. It is seen that this process can be divided into three periods, of which the most recent appears to meet some of the theoretical requirements for effective interactive capabilities. It is less clear that the criteria for dynamic capabilities—which involve considerations of speed-up and flexibility, to meet the market requirements in real time—have yet been taken sufficiently seriously.
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Knowledge Spill-overs for Knowledge-based Development: Progression in Theory and Obstacles for Empirical Research
Peter Franz
International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development,
2010
Abstract
As scientists and policymakers tend to interpret changes in the economy as a trend towards an increasingly knowledge-based economy, their recommendations and strategies for regional economic development frequently contain elements how to intensify the knowledge flows in the region concerned. Knowledge flows come into existence from intentional action, but also in an unintended way as externalities or knowledge spillovers. This paper reviews the ways regional and urban economics has dealt with the concept of knowledge spillovers. Knowledge spillovers are defined within a conceptual framework that points out different uses of knowledge in economics. The concept’s operationalisations in diverse empirical studies are systematised and discussed. After a critical review of the current state of research, policy strategies aiming to intensify knowledge spillovers are classified. The paper concludes with an outlook on promising new approaches to research knowledge spillovers and on the elaboration of more efficient policy strategies.
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What Determines the Innovative Success of Subsidized Collaborative R&D Projects? – Project-Level Evidence from Germany –
Michael Schwartz, François Peglow, Michael Fritsch, Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2010
published in: Technovation
Abstract
Systemic innovation theory emphasizes that innovations are the result of an interdependent exchange process between different organizations. This is reflected in the current paradigm in European innovation policy, which aims at the support of collaborative R&D and innovation projects bringing together science and industry. Building on a large data set using project-level evidence on 406 subsidized R&D cooperation projects, the present paper provides detailed insights on the relationship between the innovative success of R&D cooperation projects and project characteristics. Patent applications and publications are used as measures for direct outcomes of R&D projects. We also differentiate between academic-industry projects and pure inter-firm projects. Main results of negative binomial regressions are that large-firm involvement is positively related to pa-tent applications, but not to publications. Conversely, university involvement has positive effects on project outcomes in terms of publications but not in terms of patent applications. In general, projects’ funding is an important predictor of innovative success of R&D cooperation projects. No significant results are found for spatial proximity among cooperation partners and for the engagement of an applied research institute. Results are discussed with respect to the design of R&D cooperation support schemes.
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Aktuelle Trends: Forschungsintensität Ostdeutschlands hält dem europäischen Vergleich stand
Jutta Günther, Katja Wilde, Marco Sunder
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit - Teil 2 -
2010
Abstract
Die Europäische Union (EU) hat mit dem Barcelona-Ziel für Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE) eine ebenso umstrittene wie konkrete Messlatte gesetzt: Bis 2010 sollten die FuE-Aufwendungen der EU auf 3% des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) steigen. In Deutschland betrugen die FuE-Ausgaben im Jahr 2007 rund 2,5% des BIP. Im innerdeutschen Vergleich ist die FuE-Leistung Ostdeutschlands unterlegen, dem europäischen Vergleich hält sie durchaus stand. Gegenüber Tschechien, Ungarn und Polen weist Ostdeutschland insgesamt eine höhere FuE-Intensität auf, obschon Tschechien im Bereich der privaten FuE etwas besser abschneidet.
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Characteristics of Business Cycles: Have they Changed?
Oliver Holtemöller, J. Rahn, M. H. Stierle
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2009
Abstract
The most recent economic downturn has shown that economic activity nowadays is still prone to large fluctuations. Despite a long tradition of research, the understanding of such fluctuations, namely business cycles, is still far from comprehensive. Moreover, in a developing world with new technologies, faster communication systems, a higher integration of world markets and increasingly better-skilled people the nature of business cycles changes continuously and new insights can be drawn from recent experience.
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20 Jahre nach dem Mauerfall: Transformation und Erneuerung des ostdeutschen Innovationssystems
Jutta Günther, Nicole Nulsch, Dana Urban-Thielicke, Katja Wilde
Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem Nr. 16-2010,
2010
Abstract
Die Studie skizziert den Prozess der Entstehung des ostdeutschen Innovationssystems seit 1990 und bezieht in die Untersuchung auch den historischen Kontext mit ein, in dem die Struktur und die Philosophie des Forschungs- und Innovationssystems der DDR erläutert werden. Nach dem Systemumbruch wurden in den frühen 1990er Jahren durch die Privatisierung und die Transformation der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen für das heutige System wesentliche Weichen gestellt. Dabei war die Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung seit Beginn der Transformation ein wichtiger „Wegbereiter“ des ostdeutschen Innovationssystems. Aus heutiger Sicht lassen sich insbesondere drei Phasen der Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung unterscheiden: In der ersten Phase wurden noch im Jahr 1990 die „Maßnahmen der ersten Stunde“ verabschiedet, die darauf abzielten, dem massiven Rückgang der Industrieforschung in Ostdeutschland entgegen zu wirken. In der zweiten Phase (ab Mitte bzw. Ende der 1990er Jahre) erhielt die Projektförderung ein stärkeres Gewicht. Dabei gewann der Gedanke der Kooperations- bzw. der Verbundförderung zunehmend an Bedeutung. In der dritten Phase (seit ca. 2003 bis heute) ist ein weiteres Instrument der Innovationspolitik, die Netzwerkförderung, in den Vordergrund getreten. Sie stellt heute neben der Einzel- und Verbundprojektförderung einen festen Bestandteil der Förderlandschaft dar. Der lange Weg zur originären Innovationstätigkeit nach einem kompletten Systembruch lässt sich jedoch allein durch die Bereitstellung von mehr Mitteln für FuE nicht bewältigen. Die heutigen transformationsbedingten Strukturschwächen der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft lassen sich nur durch gänzlich neue Technologien überwinden. Ein neuer Technologiezyklus wird in der Lage sein, neue Industriezweige hervorzubringen. Dies zu unterstützen ist die zukünftige Aufgabe der Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung.
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