International rankings of the competitiveness of economies: low diagnostic and prognostic significance
Harald Lehmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
Im Rahmen eines Gutachtens für das Bundesfinanzministerium wurde durch das IWH und Prof. Dr. U. Heilemann (Universität Leipzig) untersucht, welchen diagnostischen und prognostischen Aussagegehalt internationale Rankings zur Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Volkswirtschaften besitzen und welche Bedeutung ihnen damit als Instrument der Politikberatung zukommt. In den vergangenen Jahren sind eine Reihe dieser Länderranglisten veröffentlicht worden, die laufend aktualisiert, aber auch modifiziert werden. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher Kennzahlensysteme werden hierbei Ranking-Indizes berechnet, die Aussagen über die aktuelle und künftige wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit der betrachteten Länder liefern sollen. Dies entspringt dem Bedürfnis nach Reduktion hoch dimensionaler, komplexer Zusammenhänge auf einfache Positionsangaben. Angesichts der zunehmenden Beachtung, die solche Berechnungen in der interessierten Öffentlichkeit und Politik erfahren, stellt sich die Frage nach der Bewertung dieser Ergebnisse, zumal sie gerade für Deutschland seit Jahren eine relative Verschlechterung anzeigen. Am Beispiel der drei in Deutschland bekanntesten Rankings – des „Global Competitiveness Report“ des Weltwirtschaftsforums (WEF), Genf, des „World Competitiveness Yearbook“ des International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Lausanne, und des „Internationalen Standort-Ranking 2004“ der Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh, – zeigt sich, daß solche Rankings in der konkreten Umsetzung aber auch in der Grundkonzeption erhebliche Defizite aufweisen. Sie beruhen allenfalls auf partiell plausiblen wirtschaftstheoretischen Überlegungen, was angesichts der diffusen Theorielage nicht überraschend ist, aber der beanspruchten Wissenschaftlichkeit entgegen steht. Zudem haben „ungeprüfte“ subjektive Einschätzungen – die im Rahmen von Befragungen ermittelt werden – in einigen Rankings großen Einfluß auf die Ergebnisse. Das Vorgehen bei der Kennzahlenaggregation wird nur unzureichend begründet und trägt neben der fehlenden Vergleichbarkeit vieler Angaben zu den Unterschieden in der Bewertung der Länder bei, wenn man die konkurrierenden Ansätze gegenüberstellt. Die größten Einwände aus der Beratungs- bzw. Handlungsperspektive ergeben sich aber aus zwei simplen Befunden der vorliegenden Untersuchung: die nur schwer überzeugend zu rechtfertigende ordinale Bewertung der Länder und die geringe prognostische Leistungsfähigkeit der untersuchten Rankings. Zwar ist ihnen eine gewisse Aufmerksamkeitsfunktion nicht abzusprechen, aus wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht ist ihr diagnostischer und therapeutischer Gehalt aber gering.
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Crossing Networks Competition and Design
Hans Degryse, Mark Van Achter, Gunther Wuyts
Competition and Regulation in Network Industries,
No. 4,
2006
Abstract
In the past two decades, Alternative Trading Systems (ATSs) started to compete with traditional exchanges. Our paper focuses on one such system: a Crossing Network (CN). First, we discuss the distinct institutional aspects a CN offers compared to traditional markets. Next, we present an overview of the theoretical and empirical literature analyzing their success in competing with traditional markets. Finally, we offer some prospects on the potential outcome of this competition, taking into account market design issues such as the optimal degree of transparency of CNs. We also provide a market practioner’s view on the market design of CNs.
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Can EU Policy Intervention Help Productivity Catch-Up?
Johannes Stephan, P. Holmes, J. Lopez-Gonzales, C. Stolberg
Closing the EU East-West Productivity Gap - Foreign direct Investment, Competitiveness, and Public Policy,
2006
Abstract
"A product of the Framework V research project, this book addresses one of the key problems facing the EU today: Why is the ‘new’ EU so much poorer than the ‘old’, and how will EU enlargement help to solve the problem? Focusing on the productivity problems underlying the East-West gap, it looks in particular at the role that foreign investment and R&D can play in closing it. Against that background, the book assesses what role proactive development policy might play in attacking the roots of low social productivity. Concluding that there will be a clear-cut process of convergence between East and West, albeit an incomplete one, it finishes with an assessment of the patterns of competitiveness, East and West, that are likely to emerge from this process of incomplete convergence."
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The Effects of Shared ATM Networks on the Efficiency of Turkish Banks
H. Evren Damar
Applied Economics,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
This study investigates whether forming shared ATM networks has yielded positive benefits for banks in Turkey by increasing their productive efficiency. Using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, pure technical and scale efficiency scores of Turkish banks are estimated and analysed for the period 2000–2003. The results suggest that although it is possible to realize positive effects through ATM sharing arrangements, there are multiple factors that determine which banks realize such benefits. The geographical distribution of shared ATMs between urban and rural markets and the level of competition between banks within urban areas are shown to be important determinants of differences in bank efficiency. This discrepancy between the gains associated with ATM sharing may have important implications concerning the adoption and sharing of new technology by banks in developing countries.
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Progressivity and flexibility in developing an effective competition regime: using experiences of Poland, Ukraine and South Africa for developing countries. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
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Database on competition law enactment in developing countries, the budget and staff of the relevant competition agency, and other structural (economic and otherwise) characteristics. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Johannes Stephan, Franz Kronthaler
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
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Original Sin - Analysing Its Mechanics and a proposed Remedy in a Simple Macroeconomic Model
Axel Lindner
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
This paper analyses the problem of “original sin“ (the fact that the currency of an emerging market economy usually cannot be used to borrow abroad) in a simple thirdgeneration model of currency crises. The approach differs from alternative frameworks by explicitly modeling the price setting behavior of firms if prices are sticky and the future exchange rate is uncertain. Monetary policy optimally trades off effects on price competitiveness and on debt burdens of firms. It is shown that the proposal by Eichengreen and Hausmann of creating an artificial basket currency as denominator of debt is attractive as a provision against contagion.
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Clustering or Competition? The Foreign Investment Behavior of German Banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
International Journal of Central Banking,
2006
Abstract
Banks often concentrate their foreign direct investment (FDI) in certain countries. This clustering of activities could reflect either the attractiveness of a particular country or agglomeration effects. To find out which of the two phenomena dominates, we need to control for country-specific factors. We use new bank-level data on German banks’ FDI for the 1996-2003 period.We test whether the presence of other banks has a positive impact on the entry of new banks. Once we control for the attractiveness of a country through fixed effects, the negative impact of competition dominates. Hence, pure clustering effects are rather unimportant.
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Progressivity and Flexibility in Developing an Effective Competition Regime: Using Experiences of Poland, Ukraine, and South Africa for developing countries
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
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A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Conditions of Knowledge Transfer by New Employees in Companies
Sidonia vonLedebur
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
The availability of knowledge is an essential factor for an economy in global competition. Companies realise innovations by creating and implementing new knowledge. Sources of innovative ideas are partners in the production network but also new employees coming from another company or academia. Based on a model by HECKATHORN (1996) the conditions of efficient knowledge transfer in a team are analysed. Offering knowledge to a colleague can not be controlled directly by the company due to information asymmetries. Thus the management has to provide incentives which motivate the employees to act in favour of the company by providing their knowledge to the rest of the team and likewise to learn from colleagues. The game theoretic analysis aims at investigating how to arrange these incentives efficiently. Several factors are relevant, especially the individual costs of participating in the transfer. These consist mainly of the existing absorptive capacity and the working atmosphere. The model is a 2x2 game but is at least partly generalised on more players. The relevance of the adequate team size is shown: more developers may increase the total profit of an innovation
(before paying the involved people) but when additional wages are paid to each person a greater team decreases the remaining company profit. A further result is
that depending on the cost structure perfect knowledge transfer is not always best for the profit of the company. These formal results are consistent with empirical studies to the absorptive capacity and the working atmosphere.
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