Default Options and Social Welfare: Opt In versus Opt Out
Jan Bouckaert, Hans Degryse
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE,
No. 3,
2013
Abstract
We offer a social-welfare comparison of the two most prominent default options – opt in and opt out – using a two-period model of localized competition. We demonstrate that when consumers stick to the default option, the prevailing default policy shapes firms' ability to collect and use customer information, and affects their pricing strategy and entry decision differently. The free-entry analysis reveals that fewer firms enter under opt out as competition becomes harsher, and that opt out is the socially preferred default option.
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Financial Constraints of Private Firms and Bank Lending Behavior
Patrick Behr, L. Norden, Felix Noth
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 9,
2013
Abstract
We investigate whether and how financial constraints of private firms depend on bank lending behavior. Bank lending behavior, especially its scale, scope and timing, is largely driven by bank business models which differ between privately owned and state-owned banks. Using a unique dataset on private small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) we find that an increase in relative borrowings from local state-owned banks significantly reduces firms’ financial constraints, while there is no such effect for privately owned banks. Improved credit availability and private information production are the main channels that explain our result. We also show that the lending behavior of local state-owned banks can be sustainable because it is less cyclical and neither leads to more risk taking nor underperformance.
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Transfer Payments without Growth: Evidence for German Regions, 1992–2005
Michael Koetter, Michael Wedow
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
After German reunification, interregional subsidies accounted for approximately 4% of gross fixed capital investment in the new federal states (i.e. those which were formerly part of the German Democratic Republic). We show that, between 1992 and 2005, infrastructure and corporate investment subsidies had a negative net impact on regional economic growth and convergence. This result is robust to both the specification of spatially weighted control variables and the use of instrumental variable techniques to control for the endogeneity of subsidies. Our results suggest that regional redistribution was ineffective, potentially due to a lack of spatial concentration to create growth poles.
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Macroeconomic Factors and Micro-Level Bank Risk
Claudia M. Buch
Bundesbank Discussion Paper 20/2010,
2010
Abstract
The interplay between banks and the macroeconomy is of key importance for financial and economic stability. We analyze this link using a factor-augmented vector autoregressive model (FAVAR) which extends a standard VAR for the U.S. macroeconomy. The model includes GDP growth, inflation, the Federal Funds rate, house price inflation, and a set of factors summarizing conditions in the banking sector. We use data of more than 1,500 commercial banks from the U.S. call reports to address the following questions. How are macroeconomic shocks transmitted to bank risk and other banking variables? What are the sources of bank heterogeneity, and what explains differences in individual banks’ responses to macroeconomic shocks? Our paper has two main findings: (i) Average bank risk declines, and average bank lending increases following expansionary shocks. (ii) The heterogeneity of banks is characterized by idiosyncratic shocks and the asymmetric transmission of common shocks. Risk of about 1/3 of all banks rises in response to a monetary loosening. The lending response of small, illiquid, and domestic banks is relatively large, and risk of banks with a low degree of capitalization and a high exposure to real estate loans decreases relatively strongly after expansionary monetary policy shocks. Also, lending of larger banks increases less while risk of riskier and domestic banks reacts more in response to house price shocks.
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3. IWH/INFER-Workshop on Applied Economics and Economic Policy „State of the Euro – State of the Union“ – ein Konferenzbericht
Katja Drechsel, Makram El-Shagi
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2013
Abstract
Am 22. und 23. April 2013 fand am IWH in Zusammenarbeit mit dem International Network for Economic Research (INFER) der 3. Workshop „Applied Economics and Economic Policy“ statt. Im Rahmen des Workshops stellten Wissenschaftlereuropäischer Universiäten und internationaler Organisationen ihre neuesten Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen ökonomischen Fragen und Problemen im Umfeld der europäischen Finanz- und Verschuldungskrise vor. Das Ziel der Veranstaltung bestand jedoch nicht nur darin, aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zu präsentieren, sondern auch darin, mit Vertretern aus Wissenschaft und Praxis über die aktuelle Wirtschaftspolitik und über das Spezialthema „State of the Euro – State of the Union“ zu diskutieren.
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The New EU Countries and Euro Adoption
Hubert Gabrisch, Martina Kämpfe
Intereconomics,
No. 3,
2013
Abstract
In the new member states of the EU which have not yet adopted the euro, previous adoption strategies have come under scrutiny. The spillovers and contagion from the global financial crisis revealed a new threat to the countries’ real convergence goal, namely considerable vulnerability to the transmission of financial instability to the real economy. This paper demonstrates the existence of extreme risks for real convergence and argues in favour of a new adoption strategy which does not announce a target date for the currency changeover and which allows for more flexible and countercyclical monetary, fiscal and wage policies.
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Towards a Europeanization of Wage Bargaining? Evidence from the Metal Sector
Vera Glassner, Toralf Pusch
European Journal of Industrial Relations,
No. 2,
2013
Abstract
European trade unions have attempted to coordinate their bargaining strategies transnationally in order to counter downward pressures on wages. Such coordination is most feasible in broadly integrated and exposed sectors that have to face common competitive constraints on wages. This article investigates collectively negotiated wage increases in the metal sector in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. We assume a specific logic of transnational pattern bargaining, with Germany as the ‘anchor’ country. We investigate the emergence of a transnational wage coordination effect before and after institutions for the coordination of wage bargaining were established. Finally, we draw conclusions on prospects for wage bargaining coordination with further integration of Economic and Monetary Union.
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4th Halle Forum on Urban Economic Growth: „The Development of Cities in Central and Eastern Europe“
Albrecht Kauffmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2013
Abstract
Das Halle Forum on Urban Economic Growth findet seit 2006 im zweijährigen Rhythmus am IWH statt. Die Tagung vom 29. und 30. November 2012 befasste sich mit Problemen der Entwicklung mittel- und osteuropäischer Städte. Thematisch umfassten die Vorträge ein breites Spektrum, in dessen Mitte die Frage nach der Wirkung formeller und informeller Institutionen auf die Stadtentwicklung stand. Sie verstand sich damit gleichzeitig als Auftaktveranstaltung des multinational angelegten IWH-Projekts „The Economic Re-positioning of Post-socialist Cities (RePoCit) – Institutional Settings, Local Strategies and Urban Economic Growth“.
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German Economy Recovering – Long-Term Approach Needed to Economic Policy: Joint Economic Forecast Spring 2013
Dienstleistungsauftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie,
2013
Abstract
Die Konjunktur in Deutschland ist im Frühjahr 2013 wieder aufwärts gerichtet. Die Lage an den Finanzmärkten hat sich entspannt, nachdem die Unsicherheit über die Zukunft der Europäischen Währungsunion gesunken ist. Auch der weltwirtschaftliche Gegenwind hat nachgelassen. Die Institute erwarten, dass in Deutschland das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 0,8 % (68 %-Prognoseintervall: 0,1 % bis 1,5 %) und im kommenden Jahr um 1,9 % zunimmt. Die Zahl der Arbeitslosen dürfte weiter zurückgehen und im Jahresdurchschnitt bei 2,9 Mill. in diesem bzw. 2,7 Mill. Personen im nächsten Jahr liegen. Die Inflationsrate wird im laufenden Jahr auf 1,7 % zurückgehen, bevor sie bei zunehmender Kapazitätsauslastung im kommenden Jahr auf 2,0 % anzieht. Der Staatshaushalt wird im Jahr 2013 annähernd ausgeglichen sein und im Jahr 2014 dank der günstigeren Konjunktur einen Überschuss von 0,5 % in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt aufweisen. Die Wirtschaftspolitik sollte jetzt die lange Frist wieder stärker in den Blick nehmen. Zwar haben strukturelle Anpassungsprozesse in den Krisenländern inzwischen begonnen, institutionelle Probleme im Euroraum sind aber noch nicht gelöst. Der deutsche Staatshaushalt ist auch demografiebedingt langfristig erheblichen Belastungen ausgesetzt.
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