Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?
Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).
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Russia: Importance of the Energy Sector for the Economic Growth Remains High
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
Die russische Wirtschaft wuchs im vergangenen Jahr erneut dynamisch. Dafür ausschlaggebend waren vor allem die günstigen außenwirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen, wie die Entwicklung der Weltmarktpreise für Rohöl, die über die hohen Exporterlöse auch auf die Binnenwirtschaft Einfluß hatten. Dank der guten Ertragslage der Energieexportunternehmen, aber auch durch die Umverteilung der staatlichen Erlöse aus dem Öl- und Gasgeschäft wurden umfangreiche Investitionen in der Wirtschaft finanziert. Die Expansion der Inlandsnachfrage regte die inländische Produktion an. Der Energiesektor besitzt damit nach wie vor eine herausragende Rolle für die Gesamtwirtschaft. Dies birgt allerdings auch Risiken für eine stabile Wirtschaftsentwicklung. Zwar können Schwankungen auf den Weltmärkten in ihren Auswirkungen auf die Wirtschaft über den Stabilisierungsfonds kurzfristig abgefedert werden, längerfristig bleibt die Entwicklung allerdings ungewiß, denn die russische Politik hat nur begrenzten Einfluß auf die Weltmarktpreise für Energieträger. Um die Rohstoffabhängigkeit der Wirtschaft zu verringern, müßten die Investitionen stärker wachsen und die Umstrukturierung der Wirtschaft rascher vorangebracht werden. Dies ist von der russischen Regierung erkannt worden. In einem mittelfristigen Entwicklungsprogramm von Wirtschaftsminister Gref sollen durch Maßnahmen zur Umstrukturierung und Modernisierung der Wirtschaft ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gefördert und gezielt neue Wachstumschancen jenseits der bisherigen Wege erschlossen werden. Dies wird sich aber nur schrittweise realisieren lassen.
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Demographic development and its economic consequences
Joachim Ragnitz, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
Ostdeutschland wird in den nächsten Dekaden weiterhin starken demographischen Verwerfungen ausgesetzt sein. Neben der Schrumpfung wird die Alterung der Bevölkerung und des Erwerbspotentials zunehmenden Einfluß auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Neuen Länder ausüben. Von primärem Interesse ist dabei die Frage, ob sich aus der Verschiebung der Altersstruktur der Erwerbstätigen Herausforderungen für Wachstum, Innovation und strukturellen Wandel ergeben. Das IWH hat sich dieser in der Forschungsliteratur bisher wenig thematisierten Problemstellung angenommen und die wirtschaftlichen Folgen des Älterwerdens des Erwerbspotentials mittels ausgesuchter Verfahren und Datensätze empirisch bewertet. Der erste zentrale Themenkomplex umfaßt die Produktivitätseffekte der Alterung. Auf der Grundlage zweier voneinander unabhängiger Untersuchungsverfahren kann geschlußfolgert werden, daß das fortgeschrittene Alter einen dämpfenden Einfluß auf die Produktivität ausübt. Durch höheres Erfahrungswissen kann die Verringerung der Leistungsfähigkeit allerdings in Teilen kompensiert werden. Zweitens wurde die Wirkung des Alters auf die Innovationsfähigkeit analysiert. Auch hier zeigen sich signifikante Einflüsse des Alters. Die Beschäftigten im Alter von ca. 40 Jahren erweisen sich als die innovativste Altersgruppe. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß gerade auch die technischen Fachkräfte diesem Alterseffekt unterliegen. Eine dritte Arbeit verdeutlicht die negativen Folgen der Alterung für das Potential an Gründern bzw. Unternehmensnachfolgern. Unabhängig vom sich ohnehin verschärfenden Problem des Fachkräftemangels dürften damit auch von der Alterung des Erwerbspotentials dämpfende Einflüsse auf Wachstum, Innovation und Strukturwandel ausgehen. Obwohl die politischen Gestaltungsspielräume angesichts der weitgehend feststehenden demographischen Entwicklung gering sind, können geeignete wirtschafts-, bildungs- und familienpolitische Maßnahmen die identifizierten Alterseffekte zumindest mindern helfen.
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Enhanced Cooperation in an Enlarged EU, CeGE-Discussion Paper No. 53
J. Ahrens, Renate Ohr, Götz Zeddies
,
2006
Abstract
The paper adresses the need for more flexibility in the integration process of the European Union after its recent eastward enlargement. Due to the increasing number of decision-makers and the increasing heterogeneity of economic structures, financial constraints, societal preferences, and political interests, European integration based on the uniformity principle is hardly feasible. In order to avoid a rank growth of integration and yet to strengthen the momentum of flexibility, so-called enhanced cooperation appears to be an appropriate instrument to be applied to the overall integration process. In this context the paper analyzes different possible developments of selected common policies in the EU if enhanced cooperation is practised by a sub-group of EU-members. Based on cluster analysis similarities and distinctions among the EU members with respect to some specific policy realms are elaborated to identify clusters, or clubs, of countries which may apply the instrument of enhanced cooperation in the specific policy fields.
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Economic convergence across German regions in light of empirical findings
Udo Ludwig, John B. Hall
Cambridge Journal of Economics,
2006
Abstract
This paper challenges the convergence hypothesis advanced by R. Barro and X. Sala-i-Martin as it is applied to explain the forces behind, patterns exhibited by and time line for German regional convergence. Exposed in some detail are the spurious neoclassical and marginalist assumptions, purporting that 'automatic' forces would indeed bring about a convergence in per capita incomes between two German regions. A trend exhibiting slow growth in per capita income in Germany's eastern region renders a Beta coefficient so low as to rule out convergence altogether. In addition, capital fails to move between German regions in the pattern assumed by the convergence hypothesis.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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FDI, Producitivity and Economic Restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe
Judit Hamar, Johannes Stephan
Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer in Transition Countries: Theory – Method of Research – Empirical Evidence,
2005
Abstract
This introducturory chapter of Part II of the book represents a comparative overview of economic development and the changing conditions for and results of FDI as a mechanism of productivity growth in Estonia, Hungary, Poland, the Slovakia-Republic, Slovenia. By summarising briefly the main similarities and differences by countries depend on their different stages in FDI attractiveness, labour productivity, economic development levels and restructuring by technology intensity.
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System economic theses and economic policy means to promote economic growth in central and east Germany
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2005
Abstract
Der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung der neuen Bundesländer stagniert seit gut acht Jahren, obwohl jährlich etwa 80 Mrd. Euro an Transfers in die neuen Länder fließen. Die unbefriedigende Entwicklung dort, aber inzwischen auch in einigen westdeutschen Regionen, stellt zunehmend eine Bedrohung für den gesamtdeutschen wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand und die Leistungsfähigkeit des Landes dar. Aber die Wachstumsdefizite Deutschlands finden ihre Ursache nicht nur im Osten: Sie sind weitgehend dem im Sinne des globalen Wettbewerbs fehlangepaßten deutschen Ordnungsrahmen geschuldet. Alle drei föderalen Ebenen sollten sich gefordert fühlen, dieser Entwicklung mit Kreativität entgegenzutreten, eine jede auf ihren spezifischen, durch Föderalismus und Subsidiaritätsprinzip gegebenen Feldern, weil Ursachen und Folgen ineinander verfließen...
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Economic Capability of East German Regions: Results of a Cluster Analysis
Franz Kronthaler
Regional Studies,
No. 6,
2005
Abstract
This paper analyses the economic capability of East German regions compared with West German regions. Based on new growth theory and new economic geography, and using relevant empirical literature, regions are clustered according to a set of growth factors. The clustering results find little evidence that the economic capability of East German regions is already comparable with West German regions. Economic disadvantages are particularly rooted in lower technical progress, a lack of entrepreneurship, lower business and industrial concentration, and a loss of human capital. However, there are a few East German regions with a high economic capability, but even those suffer from economic disadvantages such as lower technical progress, lower industrial activity and a poorer regional accessibility.
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Analysis of statements made in favour of and against the adoption of competition law in developing and transition economies
Johannes Stephan, Franz Kronthaler, Frank Emmert
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
No. 9,
2005
Abstract
The paper is concerned with documenting and assessing statements made by policymakers, opinion formers, and other stakeholders in favour and against the adoption of competition laws with particular reference to transition and developing countries which have not yet enacted these kind of laws. For example, claims that competition enforcement might reduce the inflow of foreign direct investment, or that other policies are successfully used as substitutes for competition law, are assessed. In a first step, the method of generalized analysis structures the list of statements around core issues of common features to make them accessible to further interpretation and assessment. The paper shows that some claims are in fact country or region specific, and specific to the development level of the respective countries. In a second step, the core issues are assessed according to economic and legal criteria. Since the analysis focuses on transition and developing countries, the criteria for economic assessment are predominantly economic growth and development issues, but also include the economic coherency of a set of claims submitted by stakeholders in a given country. The criteria for legal assessment include whether claims are problematic in light of WTO-principles, or are even born out of a political objective which is incompatible with the spirit, if not the letter of WTO-rules.
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